Ko ngā tauira hekenga me te whakapūngā o ngā huānga iti pēnei i te konutai (Na), te vanadium (V), te nickel (Ni), me te konupūmā (Ca) i roto i te petroleum coke i te wā e whakapūngā ana, ka pāngia ngātahitia e te pāmahana, ngā āhua puta, me ngā tauhohenga matū. Ko ngā tauira motuhake koia ēnei:
1. Te Hekenga me te Whakapūngā o te Konutai (Na)
- Wāhanga pāmahana iti (<1000°C): Ko te konutai te nuinga o te wā kei roto i te āhua o ngā tote kore-waro (hei tauira, te konutai whanariki, te konutai pūhaumāota) me ngā matū waro, he iti te pikinga. I te pikinga o te pāmahana, ka memeha haere hei waikura hau (hei tauira, Na₂O) hei hauwaiwai rānei (hei tauira, NaOH).
- Wāhanga pāmahana teitei (>1000°C): Ka tino piki ake te hāora o te konutai. Ko ngā matū i hangaia ki te whanariki me te chlorine (hei tauira, Na₂S, NaCl) ka tere te whakatōtō, ka pirau rānei i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka puta te konutai i roto i te āhua hau.
- Ngā āhuatanga awe: Ka pāngia nuitia te whakapūkara o te konutai e te āhua o te whakapūkara (te waikura/te whakaiti). I raro i ngā āhuatanga whakaiti, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te whakapūkara o te konutai i roto i te āhua o ngā whanariki.
2. Te Hekenga me te Whakapūngā o te Vanadium (V)
- Ngā āhua puta: Ko te vanadium i roto i te petroleum coke kei roto i ngā āhua e herea ana ki te rauropi (hei tauira, ngā vanadyl porphyrins) me ngā āhua pumau (hei tauira, ngā waikura vanadium, ngā silicates).
- Wāhanga pāmahana iti (<1100°C): Ka memeha haere te vanadium e herea ana e te rauropi i te pikinga o te pāmahana, ka huri hei āhua wairewa-wai, ka taea te whakawhiti-katote, ka herea rānei ki te warowaihā. Ka tauhohe ētahi vanadium ki ngā kohuke konupūmā me te rino hei hanga i ngā matū eutectic iti-ira rewa.
- Wāhanga pāmahana teitei (>1100°C): Ka tino piki ake te āhua o te vanadium. Ka tere te pirau o te vanadium e herea ana ki te matū koiora hei momo hau VOₓ (hei tauira, VO, V₂O₅), ko te vanadium pumau ia (hei tauira, V₂O₃) ka rewa ā-wāhanga, ā, ka tukuna he iti noa te vanadium i ngā pāmahana teitei.
- Ngā āhuatanga awe: Ka awehia te whakakorikori o te vanadium e te pāmahana, te tere o te tahunga, me te hanganga o te kohuke. I ngā pāmahana teitei, ka hangaia e te vanadium he hanganga nanocrystalline me te silicon me te whanariki, ka hua ake te whakakorikori wāhanga i roto i te āhua hau.
3. Te Hekenga me te Whakarewarewa o te Nikara (Ni)
- Ngā āhua o te putanga mai: Ko te nikara i roto i te petroleum coke te nuinga o te wā kei roto i te āhua o ngā whanariki (Ni₃S₂), ngā waikura (NiO), ngā silicate rānei.
- Wāhanga pāmahana iti (<900°C): Kei te noho te nikara hei Ni₃S₂, he iti te piki me te heke.
- Wāhanga pāmahana-waenga (900–1200°C): Ka huri haere te Ni₃S₂ hei NiS i roto i te para wai, ka eke ki te taumata NiS tino tiketike o te 22.4% i te 1200°C, i mua i te hokinga ki te Ni₃S₂ i te pikinga ake o te pāmahana.
- Wāhanga pāmahana teitei (>1400°C): Ka memeha haere te nikara hei pūhui hau (hei tauira, Ni(g), NiS(g)), engari kāore te Ni₃S₂ e huri tika hei Ni(s) totoka.
- Ngā āhuatanga awe: Ka pāngia nuitia te whakapūngao o te nikara e ngā matū whakapūngao hau (hei tauira, O₂, H₂O). Mā te tāpiri o te O₂ ka aukati i te hurihanga o te Ni₃S₂ ki te Ni taketake, ā, ka pehia te hanganga o ngā matū spinel (hei tauira, NiAl₂O₄).
4. Te Hekenga me te Whakapūngā o te Konupūmā (Ca)
- Ngā āhua o te puta: Ko te konupūmā i roto i te petroleum coke kei te nuinga o te wā i te āhua o ngā kāponāte (CaCO₃), ngā whanariki (CaSO₄), ngā silicate rānei.
- Wāhanga pāmahana iti (<800°C): Ka pirau ngā warowaihā hei CaO me te CO₂, ko ngā whanariki ia ka pirau hei CaO me te SO₃, ka hua ake te whakanui ake i te konupūmā i roto i te āhua waikura.
- Wāhanga pāmahana-waenga (800–1200°C): Ka tauhohe te CaO ki te silicon me te konumohe hei hanga i ngā kohuke iti-ira rewa (hei tauira, te anorthite CaAl₂Si₂O₈), me te toenga o te konupūmā i roto i te āhua totoka.
- Wāhanga pāmahana teitei (>1200°C): He iti te piki me te heke o te konupūmā, engari ka rewa pea, ka pirau rānei ngā kohuke iti-ira rewa i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka heke te konupūmā i roto i te āhua hau, wai rānei.
- Ngā āhuatanga awe: He nui te awe o te hekenga o te konupūmā e te ōwehenga silica-alumina me te ōwehenga rino-konupūmā. Mā te pikinga ake o te ōwehenga silica-alumina ka whakatairanga i te huringa o te FeV₂O₄ ki te V₂O₃, ā, mā te pikinga ake o te ōwehenga rino-konupūmā ka aukati i te hanganga o te CaAl₂Si₂O₈.
Ngā Tauira Whānui
- Te whakawhirinakitanga ki te pāmahana: Ka piki ake te tere o te mimiti o ngā huānga iti i te pāmahana, engari he rerekē rawa ngā awhe pāmahana mimiti i waenga i ngā huānga (hei tauira, ka mimiti tere te vanadium i runga ake i te 1100°C, ka nui ake te kaha o te nikara i runga ake i te 1400°C).
- Te awe o ngā āhua puta: He nui ake te hurihanga o ngā huānga iti e herea ana e te rauropi (hei tauira, te vanadium rauropi) i ngā āhua pumau (hei tauira, ngā waikura vanadium).
- Te whakahaere i te tauhohenga matū: Ka whakahaerehia te whakapūpūtanga o ngā huānga iti mā ngā tauhohenga ki te whanariki me te chlorine, ka puta he pūhui rewa iti, he pūhui hau rānei (hei tauira, Na₂S, VOₓ).
- Ngā tohutohu arotau tukanga: Mā te whakahaere i te pāmahana whakapūkara, te āhuarangi, me ngā tāpiringa (hei tauira, ngā whakarerekētanga ōwehenga silica-alumina) ka taea te pehi i te mimiti o ngā huānga kino, me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te kōka whakapūkara.
Wā tuku: 17 Paenga-whāwhā 2026