I. Me pēhea te whakarōpū i ngā kaiwhakarewa waro
E whā ngā momo o ngā carburizer, e ai ki ngā rauemi mata.
1. Karāpeti horihori
Ko te rauemi matua mō te hanga i te graphite horihori he paura coke petroleum kounga teitei kua whakapūkaratia, ka tāpirihia he uku hei here, ā, ka tāpirihia he iti noa iho o ngā rauemi āwhina. I muri i te whakaranu i ngā rauemi mata, ka pēhia, ka hangaia, kātahi ka tukatukahia ki roto i te hau kore-waikura i te 2500-3000 °C kia whakapūkaratia. I muri i te maimoatanga pāmahana teitei, ka tino heke te ihirangi o te pungarehu, te whanariki me te hau.
Nā te nui o te utu o ngā hua karāpeti horihori, ko te nuinga o ngā mīhini whakapūkara karāpeti horihori e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whare whakarewa he rauemi hangarua pērā i ngā maramara, ngā irahiko para me ngā poraka karāpeti i te wā e hanga ana i ngā irahiko karāpeti hei whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa.
I te whakarewanga o te rino whakarewa, kia teitei ai te kounga whakarewa o te rino maka, ko te karāpeti horihori te mea tuatahi hei whiriwhiri mā te kaiwhakarewa.
2. Kōka hinu
He taputapu whakamahi whānuitia te petroleum coke hei hanga i ngā mīhini hurihanga.
He hua taha te kōka hinu i whiwhihia mā te whakamahine i te hinu mata. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā toenga me ngā pīti hinu i whiwhihia mā te whakahoro i raro i te pēhanga noa, i raro rānei i te pēhanga iti o te hinu mata hei rauemi mata mō te hanga kōka hinu, ā, ka taea te whiwhi kōka hinu matomato i muri i te whakahoro. Ko te nui o te hinu mata e whakamahia ana e te kōka hinu matomato he iti iho i te 5% o te nui o te hinu mata e whakamahia ana. Ko te nui o te hinu mata e whakamahia ana e te kōka hinu mata i te United States he tata ki te 30 miriona tana. He nui te poke o te kōka hinu matomato, nō reira kāore e taea te whakamahi tika hei whakakoi, me whakakoi tuatahi.
Kei te wātea te kōka hinu mata i roto i te āhua rite ki te hautai, te āhua rite ki te ngira, te kirikiri me te āhua wai.
Ka hangaia te kōka hautai mā te tikanga kōka whakaroa. Nā te nui o te whanariki me te konganuku i roto, ka whakamahia hei wahie i te wā e whakapūkaratia ana, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei rauemi mata mō te kōka hautai kua whakapūkaratia. Ko te kōka hautai kua whakapūkaratia te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga konumohe me te mea hei hanga warowaihā anō.
Ka hangaia te kōka hinu ngira mā te tikanga kōka whakaroa me ngā rauemi mata he nui te ihirangi o ngā hauwaiwaro kakara me te iti o te ihirangi o ngā poke. He ngāwari te pakaru o tēnei kōka, e kiia ana ko te kōka karāhe, ā, e whakamahia ana hei hanga i ngā ira karāhe i muri i te whakapūkara.
Ko te kōka hinu porotītaha he rite ki ngā porotītaha mārō, he mea hanga mai i ngā rauemi mata he nui te whanariki me te asphaltene mā te tikanga tunu whakaroa, ā, e whakamahia ana hei wahie.
Ka whiwhihia te kōka hinu wai mā te tunu tonu i roto i te moenga wai.
Ko te whakapūkara o te kōka hinu hei tango i te whanariki, te makuku, me ngā mea pūngāwerewere. Mā te whakapūkara o te kōka hinu matomato i te 1200-1350°C ka taea te hanga i te waro parakore.
Ko te umanga konumohe te kaiwhakamahi nui rawa atu o te kōka hinu kua whakapūkarahia, e 70% o ēnei e whakamahia ana hei hanga anode hei whakaiti i te bauxite. Tata ki te 6% o te kōka hinu kua whakapūkarahia e hangaia ana i te Hononga o Amerika e whakamahia ana mō ngā kaiwhakarewa rino maka.
3. Karāpeti tūturu
E rua ngā momo o te karāpeti māori: te karāpeti maramara me te karāpeti moroiti.
He nui te pungarehu o te karāpeti moroiti-kiritana, ā, kāore i te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana hei whakapūmau i te rino maka.
He maha ngā momo o te karāpeti maramara: me tango te karāpeti maramara waro-nui mā ngā tikanga matū, me whakamahana rānei ki te pāmahana teitei kia pirau ai, kia memeha ai ngā waikura kei roto. He nui te pungarehu i roto i te karāpeti, nō reira kāore e pai hei whakamahi hei whakapūkara anō; ko te karāpeti waro-waenga te nuinga e whakamahia ana hei whakapūkara anō, engari kāore i te nui.
4. Waro Coke me te Anthracite
I roto i te tukanga hanga maitai o te oumu pewa hiko, ka taea te tāpiri i te kōka, te anthracite rānei hei whakakā anō i te wa e utaina ana. Nā te nui o te pungarehu me te ihirangi pūngāwerewere, kāore i te maha te whakamahinga o te rino maka o te oumu whakarewa hei whakakā anō.
I te whakapai tonu i ngā whakaritenga tiaki taiao, ka nui haere te aro ki te whakamahinga rauemi, ā, ka piki tonu ngā utu o te rino poaka me te kōka, ka piki ake te utu o ngā whakarewanga. He maha ngā whare whakarewa e tīmata ana ki te whakamahi i ngā oumu hiko hei whakakapi i te whakarewatanga kapupo tuku iho. I te tīmatanga o te tau 2011, i tangohia hoki e te awheawhe wāhanga iti me te rahi o tā mātou wheketere te tukanga whakarewa oumu hiko hei whakakapi i te tukanga whakarewa kapupo tuku iho. Mā te whakamahi i te nui o te maitai para i roto i te whakarewatanga oumu hiko, ehara i te mea ka taea anake te whakaiti i ngā utu, engari ka whakapai ake hoki i ngā āhuatanga miihini o ngā whakarewanga, engari he mahi nui tā te momo kaiwhakarewa waro e whakamahia ana me te tukanga whakawera waro.
II.Me pēhea te whakamahi i te recarburizer i roto i te oumu whakarewa
1. Ngā momo matua o ngā kaiwhakarewa hiko
He maha ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana hei whakakākahu i te rino maka, ko te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te karāpeti horihori, te kōka hinu kua whakakākahuria, te karāpeti tūturu, te kōka, te anthracite, me ngā ranunga i hangaia mai i aua rauemi.
(1) Ngā karāpeti horihori I roto i ngā momo whakapūkara anō kua whakahuatia i runga ake nei, ko te karāpeti horihori te kounga pai rawa atu. Ko te rauemi mata matua mō te hanga karāpeti horihori ko te paura kōka hinu kounga teitei kua whakapūkarahia, ka tāpirihia te uku hei here, ā, ka tāpirihia he iti noa iho o ngā rauemi āwhina. I muri i te whakaranu i ngā rauemi mata, ka pēhia, ka hangaia, kātahi ka tukatukahia ki roto i te hau kore-waikura i te 2500-3000 °C kia whakapūkarahia. I muri i te maimoatanga pāmahana teitei, ka tino heke te ihirangi pungarehu, whanariki me te hau. Mena kāore he kōka hinu kua whakapūkarahia i te pāmahana teitei, i te pāmahana whakapūkara rānei, ka tino pāngia te kounga o te whakapūkara anō. Nō reira, ko te kounga o te whakapūkara anō e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te whakapūkarahia. Kei roto i te pūwhakarewa pai te waro graphitic (te wāhanga papatipu). I te 95% ki te 98%, ko te ihirangi whanariki he 0.02% ki te 0.05%, ā, ko te ihirangi hauota he (100 ki te 200) × 10-6.
(2) He mea whakamahi whānuitia te kōke hinu hei hanga anō i te hinu. He hua taha te kōke hinu i tangohia mai i te whakamahine i te hinu mata. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā toenga me ngā pīti hinu i tangohia mai i te whakatōtō pēhanga auau, i te whakatōtō korehau rānei o te hinu mata hei rauemi mata mō te hanga kōke hinu. I muri i te whakatōtō, ka taea te tiki kōke hinu mata. He nui te ihirangi, ā, kāore e taea te whakamahi tika hei whakatōtō anō i te hinu, me whakapūkara tuatahi.
(3) Ka taea te wehewehe i te karāpeti māori kia rua ngā momo: te karāpeti maramara me te karāpeti moroitikirikiri. He nui te pungarehu o te karāpeti moroitikirikirikiri, ā, kāore e whakamahia hei whakapūmau i te rino maka. He maha ngā momo karāpeti maramara: me tango te karāpeti maramara waro-nui mā ngā tikanga matū, me whakamahana rānei ki te pāmahana teitei hei pirau me te whakapūmau i ngā waikura kei roto. He nui te pungarehu o te karāpeti, ā, kaua e whakamahia hei whakapūmau i te waro-waenga. Ko te karāpeti waro-waenga te nuinga o te wā hei whakapūmau i te waro-waenga, engari kāore i te nui te nui.
(4) Waro Coke me te anthracite I roto i te tukanga whakarewa oumu whakapūmau, ka taea te tāpiri i te coke, te anthracite rānei hei whakapūmau anō i te wā e utu ana. Nā te nui o te pungarehu me te ihirangi pūngāwerewere, kāore i te maha te whakamahinga o te rino maka o te oumu whakapūmau hei whakapūmau anō. , He iti te utu o tēnei whakapūmau anō, ā, nō te whakapūmau anō kounga iti.
2. Te kaupapa o te whakakākahu i te rino rewa
I roto i te tukanga whakarewa o te rino maka hangai, nā te nui o te para i tāpirihia me te iti o te ihirangi C i roto i te rino rewa, me whakamahi he carburizer hei whakanui ake i te waro. Ko te pāmahana rewa o te waro kei roto i te huānga recarburizer he 3727°C, ā, kāore e taea te rewa i te pāmahana o te rino rewa. Nō reira, ko te nuinga o te waro i roto i te recarburizer ka rewa i roto i te rino rewa mā te rua ngā huarahi: te rewa me te horapa. Ina he 2.1% te ihirangi o te recarburizer graphite i roto i te rino rewa, ka taea te rewa tika i te graphite ki roto i te rino rewa. Ko te āhuatanga otinga tika o te waro kore-graphite kāore i te kitea, engari i te roanga o te wā, ka horapa haere te waro ka rewa ki roto i te rino rewa. Mō te recarburizing o te rino maka i whakarewahia e te oumu whakaawe, he nui ake te tere o te recarburizing o te recarburizing graphite tioata i ērā o ngā recarburizer kore-graphite.
E whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau ko te whakarewatanga o te waro i roto i te rino rewa e whakahaerehia ana e te whakawhiti papatipu waro i roto i te paparanga rohe wai i runga i te mata o ngā matūriki totoka. Mā te whakataurite i ngā hua i puta mai i te kōka me ngā matūriki waro ki ngā hua i puta mai i te karāwhata, i kitea he tere ake te horapa me te tere whakarewatanga o ngā kaiwhakarewa karāwhata i roto i te rino rewa i tērā o te kōka me ngā matūriki waro. I tirohia ngā tauira kōka me ngā matūriki waro kua rewa wāhanga mā te karu hiko, ā, i kitea he paparanga pungarehu piri angiangi i hangaia ki runga i te mata o ngā tauira, koinei te mea matua i pā ki tā rātou mahi horapa me te whakarewatanga i roto i te rino rewa.
3. Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Pānga o te Pikinga Waro
(1) Te awe o te rahi o te matūriki o te kaiwhakarewa waro Ko te tere mimiti o te kaiwhakarewa waro e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pānga whakakotahi o te tere whakarewa me te tere horapa o te kaiwhakarewa waro me te tere o te ngaronga waikura. I te nuinga o te wā, he iti ngā matūriki o te kaiwhakarewa waro, he tere te tere whakarewa, ā, he nui te tere ngaronga; he nui ngā matūriki o te kaiwhakarewa waro, he puhoi te tere whakarewa, ā, he iti te tere ngaronga. Ko te whiriwhiri i te rahi o te matūriki o te kaiwhakarewa waro e pā ana ki te diameter me te kaha o te oumu. I te nuinga o te wā, ina he nui te diameter me te kaha o te oumu, me nui ake te rahi o te matūriki o te kaiwhakarewa waro; engari, me iti ake te rahi o te matūriki o te kaiwhakarewa waro.
(2) Te awe o te nui o te kaiwhakarewa waro i tāpirihia I raro i ngā āhuatanga o tētahi pāmahana me te hanganga matū ōrite, ka tino mōhiotia te kukū o te waro i roto i te rino rewa. I raro i tētahi taumata kukū, ka nui ake te kaiwhakarewa waro i tāpirihia, ka roa ake te wā e hiahiatia ana mō te whakarewa me te horapa, ka nui ake te ngaronga e rite ana, ā, ka iti ake te tere mimiti.
(3) Te pānga o te pāmahana ki te tere mimiti o te pūwhakarewa waro I te nuinga o te wā, ko te teitei ake o te pāmahana o te rino rewa, ko te pai ake o te mimiti me te whakarewa o te pūwhakarewa waro. I tetahi atu taha, he uaua ki te whakarewa i te pūwhakarewa waro, ā, ka heke te tere mimiti o te pūwhakarewa waro. Heoi, ina teitei rawa te pāmahana o te rino rewa, ahakoa he nui ake te tūponotanga kia rewa katoa te pūwhakarewa waro, ka piki ake te tere ngaronga waro, ā, ka heke iho te nui o te waro me te tere mimiti whānui o te pūwhakarewa waro. I te nuinga o te wā, ina kei waenganui i te 1460 me te 1550 °C te pāmahana o te rino rewa, ko te pai rawa atu te pai o te mimiti o te pūwhakarewa waro.
(4) Te awe o te whakaoho rino rewa ki te tere mimiti o te whakapūkara waro He pai te whakaoho ki te whakarewa me te horapa o te waro, ā, ka ārai i te whakapūkara waro e rere ana i runga i te mata o te rino rewa, e tahuna ai. I mua i te memeha katoa o te whakapūkara waro, he roa te wā whakaoho, ā, he teitei te tere mimiti. Ka taea hoki e te whakaoho te whakaiti i te wā pupuri waro, te whakapoto i te huringa whakaputa, me te karo i te tahunga o ngā huānga whakarewa i roto i te rino rewa. Heoi, ki te roa rawa te wā whakaoho, ehara i te mea he nui te awe ki te roa o te mahi o te oumu, engari ka whakanuia hoki te ngaronga o te waro i roto i te rino rewa i muri i te memeha o te whakapūkara waro. Nō reira, me tika te wā whakaoho tika o te rino rewa kia tino memeha katoa te whakapūkara waro.
(5) Te awe o te hanganga matū o te rino rewa ki te tere mimiti o te whakapūkara Ina teitei te ihirangi waro tuatahi i roto i te rino rewa, i raro i tētahi rohe wairewa, ka puhoi te tere mimiti o te whakapūkara, he iti te nui o te mimiti, ā, he nui te ngaronga tahunga. He iti te tere mimiti o te whakapūkara. Ko te ritenga kē te mea pono ina iti te ihirangi waro tuatahi o te rino rewa. Hei tāpiri, ka ārai te silicon me te whanariki i roto i te rino rewa i te mimiti o te waro, ā, ka whakaiti i te tere mimiti o ngā whakapūkara; ko te manganese ia ka āwhina ki te mimiti i te waro me te whakapai ake i te tere mimiti o ngā whakapūkara. Mō te nui o te awe, ko te silicon te mea nui rawa atu, ā, muri iho ko te manganese, ā, he iti ake te awe o te waro me te whanariki. Nō reira, i roto i te tukanga whakaputa tuturu, me tāpiri tuatahi te manganese, kātahi ko te waro, kātahi ko te silicon.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi-04-2022