I roto i te tukanga whakaputa o te kōka hinu whakakāwhata, he mea nui kia tino whakahaere i ngā tawhā matua e whai ake nei mai i te kōwhiringa rauemi mata, te maimoatanga o mua, te tukanga whakakāwhata tae noa ki te maimoatanga muri-kia pai ai te kounga o te hua whakamutunga:
I. Te Kōwhiringa Rauemi Mata me te Maimoatanga i mua
Te Ihirangi o te Whānariki
- Paerewa Whakahaere: Me ≤0.5% te nui o te whanariki i roto i te kōka hinu mata. Ka taea e te kōka whanariki teitei te whakawhanui i te hau i te wā e whakakāwhatia ana, ka arahi ki te pakaru o te hua.
- Pānga: Ia 0.1% te hekenga o te ihirangi whanariki ka heke te tere pakaru o te hua mā te 15%-20% me te ātete mā te 5%-8%.
Te Ihirangi o te Pungarehu
- Paerewa Whakahaere: Me ≤0.3% te nui o te pungarehu, ko ngā poke tuatahi ko ngā waikura konganuku pērā i te rino, te silicon, me te konupūmā.
- Pānga: Ia pikinga 0.1% o te nui o te pungarehu ka piki ake te ātete o te hua mā te 10%-15% ka heke te kaha ā-ringa mā te 8%-10%.
Te Tohatoha Rahi o te Matūriki
- Paerewa Mana: Me ≥80% te kōka kirikiri, me ≤20% ia te kōka paura (rahi matūriki <0.5 mm).
- Pānga: Ka taea e te nui rawa o te paura kōka te whakapūkara i te wā e whakapūkarahia ana, ka pā ki te tango i ngā mea pūngoi; mā te whakapai ake i te ōritetanga o te kōka kirikiri ka whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao whakapūkara mā te 5%-10%.
Tukanga Whakapūkara
- Te pāmahana: 1200-1400°C mō ngā hāora 8-12.
- Mahi: Tangohia ngā mea pūngāwerewere (mai i te 8%-15% ki te <1%) me te whakanui ake i te kiato tuturu (mai i te 1.9 karamu/cm³ ki te ≥2.05 karamu/cm³).
- Pūwāhi Whakahaere: Me ≥2.08 g/cm³ te mātotoru tūturu i muri i te whakapūkara; ki te kore, ka piki ake te uauatanga o te whakapūkara, ā, ka piki ake te ātete.
II. Te Tukanga Whakairoiro
Whakahaere Pāmahana
- Tawhā Matua: 2800-3000°C, puritia mō ngā haora 48-72.
- Pānga:
- Ia pikinga ake o te pāmahana 100°C ka whakanui ake i te tioata mā te 5%-8% ā, ka whakaitihia te ātete mā te 3%-5%.
- Ki te kore e ranea te pāmahana (<2700°C) ka puta he toenga waro kore-āhua, me te ātete hua >15 μΩ·m; ki te nui rawa te pāmahana (>3100°C) ka pakaru pea te hanganga waro.
Te ōritetanga o te pāmahana
- Paerewa Whakahaere: Te rerekētanga pāmahana i waenga i te matua oumu me te taha ≤150°C, me te mokowā thermocouple ≤30 cm.
- Pānga: Ia pikinga ake o te rerekētanga pāmahana 50°C ka whakawhanuitia te rerekētanga ā-rohe mā te 10%-15% ka whakaitihia te hua hua mā te 5%-8%.
Te tere whakamahana
- Paerewa Mana:
- Wāhanga 25-800°C: ≤3°C/h (hei ārai i te pakaru o te ahotea wera).
- Wāhanga 800-1250°C: ≤5°C/h (hei whakatairanga i te hanganga hanganga waro kua whakaritea).
- Pānga: Ka heke te rahinga o te hua neke atu i te 15% i te tere wera nui rawa, ka pākarukaru.
Āhua Tiaki
- Paerewa Whakahaere: Te tere rere o te hauota o te 0.8-1.2 m³/h, te whakamahi rānei i te taiao argon/korehau.
- Mahi: Ārai i te waikura me te whakaiti i te nui o te poke (hei tauira, ka heke te nui o te hāora mai i te 0.5% ki te <0.1%).
III. Te Whakaora me te Whakama i Muri i te Maimoatanga
Tere Whakamatao
- Paerewa Mana: Tere whakamatao puhoi ≤20°C/h i muri i te whakakāwhata.
- Pānga: Ka puta te ahotea wera toenga i te whakamatao tere, ka whakaiti i te ātete o te hua ki ngā ru wera mā te 30%-50%.
Te Kuru me te Tirotiro
- Paerewa Whakahaere: Ko te rahi o te matūriki D50 ka whakahaeretia i te 10-20 μm, me te matotoru o te paninga mata (hei tauira, te pitch, te whakatakotoranga kohu matū rānei) he ≤5%.
- Mahi: Ka arotau i te āhua o te matūriki, ka whakanui hoki i te matotoru o te hua (mai i te 0.8 karamu/cm³ ki te ≥1.2 karamu/cm³).
Maimoatanga Whakama
- Te Whakamaarama i te Halogen: Ka tauhohe te hau Cl₂ i te 1900-2300°C mō ngā hāora 24, ka whakaiti i te nui o te poke ki te ≤50 ppm.
- Te Whakamaarama i te Korehau: Ka puritia ki te 10⁻³ Pa i roto i te korehau mō ngā hāora 50, kia eke ki te ihirangi poke katoa ≤10 ppm (mō ngā tono tino pai).
IV. Whakarāpopototanga o ngā Pūwāhi Mana Matua
| Tawhā | Paerewa Whakahaere | Pānga |
|---|---|---|
| Te Ihirangi o te Whānariki | ≤0.5% | Ka ārai i te pakaru i puta mai i te horapa o te hau; ka whakaiti i te ātete mā te 5%-8% |
| Te Ihirangi o te Pungarehu | ≤0.3% | Ka whakaiti i ngā poke o te konganuku; ka whakaiti i te ātete mā te 10%-15% |
| Te Pāmahana Whakapūkara | 2800-3000°C mō ngā hāora 48-72 | Ka whakarei ake i te tioata mā te 5%-8%; ka whakaiti i te ātete mā te 3%-5% |
| Te ōritetanga o te pāmahana | Umu mata-matua温差 ≤150°C | Ka whakapai ake i te hua mā te 5%-8%; ka whakawhāiti i te rerekētanga ātete mā te 10%-15% |
| Tere Whakamatao | ≤20°C/h | Ka whakarei ake i te ātete ki ngā ru wera mā te 30%-50%; ka whakaiti i te ahotea o roto |
| Ihirangi Parakore Whakama | ≤50 ppm (hauora), ≤10 ppm (korehau) | E tutuki ana i ngā hiahia ahumahi teitei (hei tauira, ngā haurua-ira, ngā hiko photovoltaic) |
V. Ngā Auahatanga Hangarau me ngā Aronga Arotau
Mana Hanganga Tino Pai: Whakawhanakehia he hangarau whakarite paura kōka 0.1-1 μm hei whakarei ake i te isotropy me te whakaiti i te ātete ki <5 μΩ·m.
Ngā Pūnaha Hanga Atamai: Whakatinanahia ngā pūnaha whakahaere hihiri ā-papa pāmahana matihiko e ahu mai ana i ngā takirua hei whakanui ake i te hua ki te 95%.
Ngā Tukanga Kakariki: Whakamahia te hauwai hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga CO₂; whakamahia te hangarau whakaora wera para hei whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao mā te 10%-15%.
Mā te whakahaere pūmau i ēnei tawhā, ka taea e te kōka hinu kua whakakāwhatia te whakatutuki i te ihirangi waro ≥99.9%, te ātete o te 5-7 μΩ·m, me te tauwehenga whānui wera o te 1.5-2.5×10⁻⁶/°C, e tutuki ai ngā hiahia o ngā tono ahumahi teitei.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-12-2025