Whakarāpopototanga:Ka tātarihia e te kaituhi te āhua o te hanga me te whakamahinga o te ngira Coke i roto i tō tātou whenua, te tirohanga mō tōna whakamahinga i roto i te umanga hiko graphite me ngā rauemi hiko kino, hei ako i ngā wero mō te whanaketanga o te ngira Coke hinu, tae atu ki te iti o ngā rauemi mata, te kounga teitei, te roa o te huringa me te aromatawai tono kaha rawa, me te whakanui ake i te rangahau wehewehe hua, te tono, me ngā mehua mahi, pērā i ngā rangahau hononga hei whakawhanake i te mākete teitei.
E ai ki ngā momo pūtake rauemi mata, ka taea te wehewehe i te ngira kōke ki te ngira kōke hinu me te ngira kōke waro. Ko te nuinga o te wā, ka hangaia te ngira kōke hinu mai i te paru FCC mā te whakamahine, te whakapūngao wai, te whakapūngao whakaroa me te whakapūngao. He uaua te tukanga, ā, he nui te ihirangi hangarau. Ko ngā āhuatanga o te ngira kōke he waro nui, he whanariki iti, he hauota iti, he pungarehu iti me ētahi atu, ā, he tino pai ngā āhuatanga hiko me te miihini i muri i te whakapūngao. He momo rauemi waro kounga teitei anisotropic me te ngāwari ki te whakapūngao.
Ko te ngira kōke te mea e whakamahia ana mō ngā irahiko karāhe mana tino teitei, me ngā rauemi katote pākahiko lithium-ion, hei whāinga rautaki "tihi waro", "kore waro", kei te whakatairanga tonu ngā whenua i te panonitanga o te rino me te maitai me te ahumahi motuka me te whakapai ake i te whakatikatika hanganga ahumahi me te whakatairanga i te tono o te hangarau tiaki taiao iti-waro me te tiaki taiao matomato, hei whakatairanga i te hanga maitai oumu pewa hiko me te whanaketanga tere o ngā waka hiko hou. Kei te tere haere hoki te tipu o te tono mō te ngira kōke mata. I te heke mai, ka tino angitu tonu te ahumahi ngira kōke i raro iho. Ka tātarihia e tēnei kaupapa te tūnga tono me te tirohanga o te ngira kōke i roto i te rauemi irahiko karāhe me te anode, ā, ka whakatakotohia ngā wero me ngā ārai mō te whanaketanga hauora o te ahumahi ngira kōke.
1. Tātaritanga o te hanga me te ahunga rere o te ngira kōka
1.1 Te hanga kōka ngira
Ko te nuinga o te wā, ko te hanga o te ngira kōka e arohia ana ki ētahi whenua pēnei i a Haina, te Hononga o Amerika, te United Kingdom, Kōrea ki te Tonga me Hapani. I te tau 2011, ko te kaha whakaputa o te ao mō te ngira kōka he 1200kt/ia, ā, ko te kaha whakaputa o Haina he 250kt/ia, ā, e whā noa iho ngā kaihanga ngira kōka Hainamana. I te tau 2021, e ai ki ngā tatauranga a Sinfern Information, ka piki ake te kaha whakaputa o te ngira kōka o te ao ki te 3250kt/ia, ā, ka piki ake te kaha whakaputa o te ngira kōka i Haina ki te 2240kt/ia, e 68.9% o te kaha whakaputa o te ao, ā, ka piki ake te maha o ngā kaihanga ngira kōka Hainamana ki te 21.
E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 1 i te kaha whakaputa o ngā kaihanga kōka ngira tekau o te ao, me te kaha whakaputa katoa o te 2130kt/a, e 65.5% o te kaha whakaputa o te ao. Mai i te tirohanga o te kaha whakaputa o te ao o ngā umanga kōka ngira, he nui te tauine o ngā kaihanga kōka ngira raupapa hinu, ko te kaha whakaputa toharite o te tipu kotahi he 100 ~ 200kt/a, ko te kaha whakaputa kōka ngira raupapa waro he tata ki te 50kT/a.
I ngā tau torutoru e whai ake nei, ka piki haere tonu te kaha whakaputa kōka ngira o te ao, engari ko te nuinga mai i Haina. Ko te kaha whakaputa kōka ngira kua whakaritea, ā, kei te hangaia tonutia, e tata ana ki te 430kT /a, ā, kei te kino haere te āhua o te nui rawa o te kaha. I waho atu o Haina, he pumau tonu te kaha o te kōka ngira, me te whakamahere a te whare hanga hinu OMSK o Rūhia ki te hanga i tētahi waeine kōka ngira 38kt/a i te tau 2021.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1 i te hanga o te kōka ngira i Haina i ngā tau 5 tata nei. E kitea ana i te Pikitia 1, kua tino piki haere te hanga kōka ngira i Haina, me te tere tipu ā-tau o te 45% i roto i ngā tau 5. I te tau 2020, i eke te katoa o te hanga kōka ngira i Haina ki te 517kT, tae atu ki te 176kT o te raupapa waro me te 341kT o te raupapa hinu.
1.2 Te kawemai i te ngira kōka
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2 i te āhua o te kawemai o te kōka ngira ki Haina i ngā tau 5 kua taha ake nei. E kitea ana i te Pikitia 2, i mua i te pakarutanga o te COVID-19, i tino piki ake te nui o te kawemai o te kōka ngira ki Haina, tae atu ki te 270kT i te tau 2019, he rekoata teitei rawa atu. I te tau 2020, nā te utu nui o te kōka ngira kawemai, te hekenga o te whakataetae, te nui o ngā taonga tauranga, me te pakarutanga tonu o ngā mate urutā i Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika, ko te nui o te kawemai o te kōka ngira a Haina i te tau 2020 he 132kt anake, he hekenga 51% ia tau. E ai ki ngā tatauranga, i roto i te kōka ngira i kawemai i te tau 2020, ko te kōka ngira hinu he 27.5kT, he hekenga 82.93% ia tau; Ko te ine waro ngira Coke 104.1kt, 18.26% neke atu i tērā tau, ko te take matua he iti ake te pānga o te mate urutā ki te kawe waka moana o Hapani me Kōrea ki te Tonga, tuarua, he iti ake te utu o ētahi hua mai i Hapani me Kōrea ki te Tonga i tērā o ngā hua rite i Haina, ā, he nui te rahinga ota o raro.
1.3 Te ahunga tono o te ngira kōka
Ko te ngira kōka he momo rauemi waro kounga teitei, e whakamahia ana hei rauemi mata mō te hanga i ngā hiko karāhe mana tino teitei me ngā rauemi anode karāhe horihori. Ko ngā mara tono whakamutunga tino nui ko te hanga maitai oumu pewa hiko me ngā pākahiko hiko mō ngā waka hiko hou.
E whakaatu ana te PIKITIA 3 i te ia o te whakamahinga o te ngira kōka i Haina i ngā tau 5 tata nei. Ko te irahiko karāpiti te mara tono nui rawa atu, ā, ko te tere tipu o te tono ka uru ki tētahi wāhanga papatahi, i te mea kei te tere tonu te tipu o ngā rauemi irahiko kino. I te tau 2020, ko te tapeke o te whakamahinga o te ngira kōka i Haina (tae atu ki te whakamahinga o ngā taonga) he 740kT, ā, 340kT o ngā rauemi kino me te 400kt o ngā irahiko karāpiti i pau, e 45% o te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi kino.
2.1 Te whakawhanaketanga o te hanga maitai eAF
Ko te umanga rino me te maitai tetahi o ngā kaihanga nui o ngā tukunga waro i Haina. E rua ngā tikanga whakaputa matua o te rino me te maitai: te oumu pupuhi me te oumu hiko. I roto i ēnei, ka taea e te hanga maitai oumu hiko te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro mā te 60%, ā, ka taea te whakamahi anō i ngā rauemi maitai para me te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki te kawemai o te rino. I whakaaro te umanga rino me te maitai kia ārahi i te whakatutuki i te whāinga o te "pikinga waro" me te "kore waro" i te tau 2025. I raro i te arataki a te kaupapa here a te umanga rino me te maitai ā-motu, ka nui te maha o ngā wheketere maitai hei whakakapi i te maitai whakawhiti me te oumu pupuhi ki te oumu hiko.
I te tau 2020, ko te putanga maitai mata o Haina he 1054.4mt, ko te putanga o te maitai eAF he tata ki te 96Mt, ko te 9.1% anake o te maitai mata katoa, ki te whakaritea ki te 18% o te toharite o te ao, 67% o te Hononga o Amerika, 39% o te Kotahitanga o Ūropi, me te 22% o te maitai EAF o Hapani, he nui te wāhi hei ahu whakamua. E ai ki te tauira o "Aratohu mō te Whakatairanga i te Whakawhanaketanga Kounga-teitei o te Ahumahi Rino me te Maitai" i whakaputaina e te Manatū Ahumahi me te Hangarau Mōhiohio i te Hakihea 31, 2020, me whakanui ake te ōwehenga o te putanga maitai eAF i roto i te putanga maitai mata katoa ki te 15% ~ 20% i te tau 2025. Mā te pikinga o te hanga maitai eAF ka nui ake te hiahia mō ngā hiko karāhe mana-tino-teitei. Ko te ia whanaketanga o te oumu hiko ā-rohe he teitei me te tauine nui, e whakaatu ana i te hiahia nui ake mō ngā hiko karāhe whakatakotoranga nui me te mana-tino-teitei.
2.2 Te āhua whakaputa o te hiko karāhe
He mea nui te hiko karāpiti hei paunga mō te hanga maitai eAF. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 4 i te kaha whakaputa me te putanga o te hiko karāpiti i Haina i ngā tau 5 tata nei. Kua piki ake te kaha whakaputa o te hiko karāpiti mai i te 1050kT /a i te tau 2016 ki te 2200kt/a i te tau 2020, me te tere tipu ā-tau o te 15.94%. Ko ēnei tau e rima te wā o te tipu tere o te kaha whakaputa hiko karāpiti, me te huringa rere o te whanaketanga tere o te umanga hiko karāpiti. I mua i te tau 2017, ko te umanga hiko karāpiti hei umanga hanga tuku iho me te nui o te whakapaunga pūngao me te nui o te parahanga, ka whakaitihia te whakaputanga e ngā umanga hiko karāpiti nui o te motu, ka tūtaki ngā umanga hiko karāpiti iti me te rahi ki te kati, ā, me mutu te whakaputa, te hoko anō me te wehe atu i ngā kamupene hiko nunui o te ao. I te tau 2017, i runga i te awe me te akiaki a te kaupapa here whakahaere ā-motu o te whakakorenga ture o te "maitai papa papa", ka piki tere te utu o te hiko karāpiti i Haina. Nā te nui o ngā hua, i whakaohokia e te mākete hiko karāpiti he ngaru o te hokinga mai o te kaha me te whakawhānui.
I te tau 2019, i eke te putanga o te hiko karāpeti i Haina ki tētahi taumata teitei hou i ngā tau tata nei, tae atu ki te 1189kT. I te tau 2020, i heke te putanga o te hiko karāpeti ki te 1020kT nā te ngoikore o te tono i puta mai i te mate urutā. Engari i te nuinga o te wā, he nui rawa te kaha o te umanga hiko karāpeti o Haina, ā, i heke te reiti whakamahinga mai i te 70% i te tau 2017 ki te 46% i te tau 2020, he reiti whakamahinga iti hou.
2.3 Tātaritanga tono o te ngira kōka i roto i te umanga hiko karāhe
Mā te whanaketanga o te maitai eAF ka piki ake te hiahia mō te hiko karāpeti mana-tino teitei. E kiia ana ko te hiahia mō te hiko karāpeti ka tata ki te 1300kt i te tau 2025, ā, ko te hiahia mō te kōka ngira mata ka tata ki te 450kT. Nā te mea i roto i te hanga hiko karāpeti rahi me te mana-tino teitei me te hononga, he pai ake te kōka ngira hinu i te kōka ngira waro, ka piki ake te ōwehenga o te hiahia o te hiko karāpeti mō te kōka ngira hinu, ka nohoia te wāhi mākete o te kōka ngira waro.
Wā tuku: Maehe-23-2022