Ko te tikanga, me nui ngā pāmahana e hiahiatia ana mō te tukatuka i te whakakāwhata, mai i te 2300 ki te 3000℃, ko tōna kaupapa matua ko te whakawhiti i ngā ngota waro mai i te whakaritenga koretake ki te hanganga karaihe kāwhata kua whakaritea mā te maimoatanga wera pāmahana teitei. Kei raro nei he tātaritanga taipitopito:
I. Te awhe pāmahana mō te maimoatanga whakakāwhata tikanga
A. Ngā Whakaritenga Pāmahana Taketake
Me whakapiki ake te pāmahana ki te awhe 2300 ki te 3000℃ mō te whakakāwhata tikanga, arā:
- Ko te 2500℃ te tohu i tētahi huringa nui, e tino heke ai te tawhiti i waenga i ngā paparanga o ngā ngota waro, ā, ka tere piki ake te taumata o te whakakāwhata;
- I tua atu i te 3000℃, ka āta haere ngā huringa, ā, ka tata te karaihe karāhe ki te tino pai, ahakoa ka piki ake te pāmahana i te hua ka whakaiti i ngā whakapainga iti o te mahi.
B. Te Pānga o ngā Rerekētanga Rauemi ki te Pāmahana
- Ngā waro ngāwari ki te whakakāwhata (hei tauira, te kōka hinu): Ka tomo ki te wāhanga whakakāwhata i te 1700℃, me te pikinga nui o te nekehanga whakakāwhata i te 2500℃;
- Ngā waro uaua ki te whakakāwhata (hei tauira, te anthracite): Me nui ake ngā pāmahana (tata ki te 3000℃) kia rite ai te panonitanga.
II. Te Tikanga e Whakatairanga ai ngā Pāmahana Teitei i te Raupapa o ngā Atoma Waro
A. Wāhanga 1 (1000–1800℃): Tukunga Hurihuri me te Whakatakotoranga Ahu-Rua
- Ka pakaru ngā mekameka aliphatic, CH, me ngā hononga C=O, ka tukuna te hauwai, te hāora, te hauota, te whanariki, me ētahi atu huānga i te āhua o ngā monomer, ngā ngota ngota māmā rānei (hei tauira, CH₄, CO₂);
- Ka whānui haere ngā paparanga ngota waro i roto i te papa rua-ahu, ka piki ake te teitei o te moroiti tioata mai i te 1 nm ki te 10 nm, ko te whakarārangi paparanga kei waenganui tonu kāore i tino rerekē;
- Ka puta ngātahi ngā tukanga endothermic (ngā tauhohenga matū) me ngā tukanga exothermic (ngā tukanga ā-tinana, pērā i te tukunga o te pūngao atanga mai i te ngaronga rohe moroiti-kiriata).
B. Wāhanga 2 (1800–2400℃): Te Whakatakotoranga Ahu-Toru me te Whakatikatika Rohe Witi
- Mā te pikinga ake o ngā auau wiri wera o ngā ngota waro ka huri rātou ki ngā whakaritenga toru-ahu, e whakahaerehia ana e te mātāpono o te iti rawa o te pūngao kore utu;
- Ka memeha haere ngā nekehanga me ngā rohe kōpaka i runga i ngā papa tioata, e kitea ana i te putanga mai o ngā rārangi koi (hko) me (001) i roto i ngā ira whakarara hihi-X, e whakaū ana i te hanganga o ngā whakaritenga kua whakaritea kia toru-ahu;
- Ka hangaia e ētahi poke ngā warowaihā (hei tauira, te warowaihā silicon), ka pirau hei kohu whakarewa me te karāwhata i ngā pāmahana teitei ake.
C. Wāhanga 3 (Neke atu i te 2400℃): Te Tipu o te Witi me te Whakakākano Anō
- Ka piki ake ngā rahi o te kōanga i te tuaka-a ki te toharite o te 10–150 nm, ā, i te tuaka-c ki te tata ki te 60 paparanga (tata ki te 20 nm);
- Ka whakatikatikaina ngā ngota waro mā te hekenga ā-roto, ā-iwi rānei, ā, ka piki haere te tere mimiti o ngā matū waro me te pāmahana;
- Ka puta te whakawhitiwhiti rauemi hohe i waenganui i ngā āhua totoka me ngā āhua hau, ka hua ake te hanganga o tētahi hanganga tioata karāhe tino raupapa.
III. Te Arotau i te Pāmahana mā roto i ngā Tukanga Motuhake
A. Te Whakapūtātanga Whakakorikori
Mā te tāpiri i ngā whakakorikori pēnei i te rino, te ferrosilicon rānei, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā pāmahana whakakorowha ki te awhe 1500–2200℃. Hei tauira:
- Ka taea e te whakakorikori Ferrosilicon (25% te ihirangi silicon) te whakaheke i te pāmahana mai i te 2500–3000℃ ki te 1500℃;
- Ka taea e te whakakōkī BN te whakaiti i te pāmahana ki raro iho i te 2200℃ me te whakarei ake i te whakatakotoranga o ngā muka waro.
B. Te Whakapūkara Mahana Tino-Teitei
E whakamahia ana mō ngā tono parakore teitei pērā i te karāpeti taumata-karihi me te taumata-ātea, ka whakamahia e tēnei tukanga te whakamahana arataki auau-waenga, te whakamahana pewa plasma rānei (hei tauira, ngā pāmahana matua plasma argon e eke ana ki te 15,000℃) kia eke ai ngā pāmahana mata ki runga ake i te 3200℃ i runga i ngā hua;
- Neke atu i te 0.99 te nui o te whakakāwhata, ā, he tino iti te ihirangi poke (te ihirangi pungarehu < 0.01%).
IV. Te Pānga o te Pāmahana ki ngā Pānga Whakapūkara
A. Ātete me te Arahi Wera
Mō ia pikinga 0.1 o te nekehanga whakakāwhata, ka heke te ātete mā te 30%, ā, ka piki te kawe wera mā te 25%. Hei tauira, i muri i te maimoatanga i te 3000℃, ka taea e te ātete o te kāwhata te heke ki te 1/4–1/5 o tōna uara tīmatanga.
B. Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-Mīhini
Ka whakaitihia e ngā pāmahana teitei te tawhiti i waenga i ngā paparanga o te karāpeti ki ngā uara tata ki te pai (0.3354 nm), ka whakanuia ake te ātete ki ngā ru wera me te pumau matū (me te whakaiti i te tauwehenga whānui rārangi o te 50%–80%), me te whakarato hoki i te hinu whakahinuhinu me te ātete ki te kakahu.
C. Whakapai Ake i te Parakore
I te 3000℃, ka pakaru ngā here matū i roto i te 99.9% o ngā pūhui taiao, ka tukuna ngā poke i roto i te āhua hau, ā, ka hua ake he parakore o te hua ki te 99.9%, neke atu rānei.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-11-2025