Ko te whakakāwhatu he tukanga matua e huri ana i ngā rauemi waro kore-āhua, kore-tikatika hei hanganga tioata whakakāwhatu raupapa, me ōna tawhā matua e pā tika ana ki te taumata whakakāwhatu, ngā āhuatanga rauemi, me te whai huatanga o te whakaputa. Kei raro nei ngā tawhā tukanga matua me ngā whakaaro hangarau mō te whakakāwhatu:
I. Ngā Tawhā Pāmahana Matua
Awhe Pāmahana Whāinga
Ko te whakamahana i ngā rauemi ki te 2300–3000℃ hei whakakāwhata, me:
- Ko te 2500℃ te tohu i te pūwāhi matua mō te whakaiti nui i te mokowā i waenga i ngā paparanga karāhe, hei tīmatanga i te hanganga hanganga kua whakaritea;
- I te 3000℃, kua tata te otinga o te whakakāwhata, me te whakapūmau i te tawhiti i waenga i ngā paparanga i te 0.3354 nm (te uara kāwhata pai) me te neke atu i te 90% o te nekehanga whakakāwhata.
Te Wā Pupuri i te Pāmahana Teitei
- Kia mau tonu te pāmahana e hiahiatia ana mō ngā hāora 6–30 kia ōrite ai te tohatoha o te pāmahana o te oumu;
- Me pupuri anō kia 3–6 hāora i te wā e tukuna ana te hiko hei ārai i te hoki whakamuri o te ātete me te karo i ngā hapa whatunga i puta mai i ngā piki me ngā heke o te pāmahana.
II. Te Mana Whakahaere Piko Whakamahana
Rautaki Whakamahana Ā-Wāhanga
- Wāhanga whakamahana tuatahi (0–1000℃): Whakahaeretia i te 50℃/h hei whakatairanga i te tukunga āta o ngā mea whakakorikori (hei tauira, te tā, ngā hau) me te ārai i te pahūtanga o te oumu;
- Wāhanga whakamahana (1000–2500℃): Ka piki ake ki te 100℃/h i te hekenga o te ātete hiko, me te whakarerekē i te iahiko kia mau tonu te mana;
- Wāhanga whakakotahitanga pāmahana-tiketike (2500–3000℃): Puritia mō ngā haora 20–30 hei whakaoti i te whakatikatika i te hapa whatunga me te whakaritenga anō o te moroiti-kiriata.
Whakahaere Pūngāwerewere
- Me whakaranu ngā rauemi mata i runga i te nui o te ihirangi pūngāwerewere kia kore ai e kukū te rohe;
- Kua whakaratohia he kōhao hauhautanga ki te whakamarumaru o runga hei whakarite i te putanga pai o te hau pūngāwerewere;
- Ka whakaroahia te pihi whakamahana i te wā e tino piki ana te tukunga pūngāwerewere (hei tauira, 800–1200℃) hei ārai i te tahunga kāore i oti me te whakaputanga o te paoa pango.
III. Te Arotau i te Utaina o te Oumu
Te Tohatoha Rauemi Ātete Taurite
- Me tohatoha ōrite ngā rauemi ātete mai i te pane o te oumu ki te hiku mā te utaina aho roa hei ārai i ngā iahiko pāhekeheke i puta mai i te whakapūpūtanga o ngā matūriki;
- Me whakaranu tika ngā oko hou me ngā oko kua whakamahia, ā, me ārai hoki kia kaua e whakarārangihia kia kore ai e wera rawa i te rohe nā ngā rerekētanga ātete.
Te Kōwhiringa Rauemi Āwhina me te Whakahaere Rahi Matūriki
- ≤10% o ngā rauemi āwhina me whai kiko 0–1 mm te matotoru hei whakaiti i te kore ōrite o te ātete;
- Ko ngā rauemi āwhina he iti te pungarehu (<1%) me ngā rauemi āwhina he iti te hurihanga (<5%) te mea nui hei whakaiti i ngā mōrearea mimiti o te poke.
IV. Te Mana Whakamatao me te Tango Utaina
Tukanga Whakamatao Taiao
- Kāore e whakaaetia te whakamatao ā-pūmau mā te rehu wai; engari, ka tangohia ngā rauemi papatahi mā te whakamahi i ngā hopu, i ngā taputapu momi rānei hei ārai i te pakaru o te ahotea wera;
- Me neke atu i te 7 ngā rā te roa o te wā whakamatao kia āta piki haere ai te pāmahana i roto i te rauemi.
Te Pāmahana Tango me te Whakahaere i te Kirinuku
- Ka puta te tango pai rawa atu ina tae ngā oko whakarewa ki te ~150℃; ka puta te waikura o ngā rauemi (ka piki ake te horahanga o te mata) me te kino o te oko whakarewa mēnā ka tangohia wawetia;
- Ka puta he kirinuku matotoru 1–5 mm (kei roto ngā poke iti) ki runga i ngā mata para i te wā e tangohia ana te utanga, ā, me penapena motuhake, me tākai hoki ngā rauemi whai tohu ki roto i ngā putea tana hei tuku.
V. Te Ine i te Tohu Whakapūtātanga me te Hononga Āhuatanga
Ngā Tikanga Ine
- Te Whakarerekētanga Hiko-X (XRD): Ka tatau i te mokowā i waenga i ngā paparanga d002 mā te tūranga tihi whakarerekētanga (002), me te tohu whakakāwhata g i ahu mai i te tātai a Franklin:
g=0.00860.3440−2c0×100%
(ko c0 te mokowā i waenga i ngā paparanga i inehia; g=84.05% ina d002=0.3360nm).
- Raman Spectroscopy: Ka whakatau tata i te taumata whakakāwhata mā te ōwehenga kaha o te tihi-D ki te tihi-G.
Pānga ki te Taonga
- Mā te 0.1 pikinga o te tohu whakakāwhata ka whakaitihia te ātete mā te 30%, ā, ka whakanuia te kawe wera mā te 25%;
- Ko ngā rauemi tino kōwhai (>90%) ka eke ki te kawe hiko tae atu ki te 1.2×10⁵ S/m, ahakoa ka heke pea te pakari o te pānga, me whai tikanga rauemi hiato hei whakataurite i te mahi.
VI. Arotautanga Tawhā Tukanga Matatau
Te Whakapūtātanga Whakakorikori
- Ka hangaia e ngā whakakorikori rino/nikara ngā wāhanga takawaenga Fe₃C/Ni₃C, ka whakaheke i te pāmahana whakakorowha ki te 2200℃;
- Ka kuhu ngā whakakorikori boron ki roto i ngā paparanga waro hei whakatairanga i te raupapatanga, e hiahiatia ana he 2300℃.
Te Whakapūkara Mahana Tino-Teitei
- Mā te whakamahana pewa plasma (te pāmahana matua plasma argon: 15,000℃) ka eke te pāmahana mata ki te 3200℃ me ngā nekehanga whakakāwhata >99%, he pai mō te kāwhata taumata karihi me te taumata rererangi.
Te Whakairoiro i te Ngaruiti
- Ka whakaohohia e ngā ngaruiti 2.45 GHz ngā wiri o te ngota waro, ka taea ai te tere whakamahana o te 500℃/min me te kore he pikinga pāmahana, ahakoa he iti noa iho ki ngā wāhanga angiangi (<50 mm).
Wā tuku: Hepetema-04-2025