Ngā irahiko graphene tino mārama, ā, ka taea te totoro

He mea ātaahua ngā rauemi rua-ahu, pērā i te graphene, mō ngā tono haurua-ā-ira tuku iho me ngā tono hou i roto i ngā hikohiko ngāwari. Heoi, nā te kaha kume teitei o te graphene ka pakaru i te taumahatanga iti, ka uaua ki te whakamahi i ōna āhuatanga hiko whakamiharo i roto i ngā hikohiko totoro. Hei whakahohe i te mahi pai o ngā kaiārahi graphene mārama e whakawhirinaki ana ki te taumahatanga, i hangaia e mātou he nanoscrolls graphene i waenganui i ngā paparanga graphene kua whakarārangihia, e kiia nei ko ngā panuku graphene/graphene maha-paparanga (MGG). I raro i te taumahatanga, i honoa e ētahi panuku ngā rohe pakaru o te graphene hei pupuri i tētahi whatunga percolating e āhei ai te kawe hiko pai i ngā taumahatanga teitei. Ko ngā MGG Trilayer i tautokona i runga i ngā elastomers i pupuri i te 65% o tō rātou kawe hiko taketake i te taumahatanga 100%, he poutū ki te ahunga o te rere o te iahiko, engari ko ngā kiriata trilayer o te graphene kāore he nanoscrolls i pupuri i te 25% noa iho o tō rātou kawe hiko tīmatanga. I whakaatuhia e tētahi transistor waro-katoa ka taea te totoro i hangaia mā te whakamahi i ngā MGG hei irahiko he whakawhiti neke atu i te 90%, ā, i puritia te 60% o tōna putanga iahiko taketake i te 120% te taumahatanga (e rite ana ki te ahunga o te kawe utu). Ka taea e ēnei transistor waro-katoa tino totoro me te mārama te whakahohe i ngā hikohiko opto totoro matatau.
He mara e tipu haere ana te hikohiko mārama ka taea te totoro, he mea nui ngā tono i roto i ngā pūnaha biointegrated matatau (1, 2) me te kaha ki te whakauru atu ki ngā optoelectronics ka taea te totoro (3, 4) hei whakaputa i ngā karetao ngohengohe me ngā whakaaturanga matatau. He tino pai ngā āhuatanga o te Graphene, arā, te matotoru ngota, te mārama teitei, me te kawe hiko teitei, engari kua āraihia tōna whakatinanatanga i roto i ngā tono ka taea te totoro nā tōna āhua ki te pakaru i ngā taumahatanga iti. Mā te wikitoria i ngā herenga miihini o te graphene ka taea te whakahohe i ngā mahi hou i roto i ngā taputapu mārama ka taea te totoro.
Nā ngā āhuatanga ahurei o te graphene, he mea kaha tēnei hei whakamahi mā te whakatupuranga hou o ngā irahiko kawe mārama (5, 6). Ki te whakatauritea ki te irahiko mārama e whakamahia whānuitia ana, te indium tin oxide [ITO; 100 ohms/tapawhā (tapawhā) i te 90% māramatanga], he rite tonu te huinga o te ātete rau (125 ohms/tapawhā) me te māramatanga (97.4%) o te graphene papa kotahi i whakatipuria mā te whakatakoto kohu matū (CVD) (5). Hei tāpiri, he tino ngāwari ngā kiriata graphene ki te whakatauritea ki te ITO (7). Hei tauira, i runga i te papa kirihou, ka taea te pupuri i tōna kawe ahakoa he iti noa te radius piko o te piko ki te 0.8 mm (8). Hei whakarei ake i tana mahi hiko hei irahiko ngāwari mārama, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā mahi o mua ngā rauemi ranu graphene me ngā nanowire hiriwa kotahi-ahu (1D) me ngā nanotube waro (CNT) (9–11). Heoi anō, kua whakamahia te graphene hei irahiko mō ngā semiconductors heterostructures whārite (pērā i te Si papatipu 2D, ngā nanowires/nanotubes 1D, me ngā ira quantum 0D) (12), ngā transistors ngāwari, ngā pūtau solar, me ngā diode emitting light (LED) (13–23).
Ahakoa kua whakaatuhia e te graphene ngā hua whai hua mō ngā hikohiko ngāwari, kua whakawhāitihia tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā hikohiko totoro e ōna āhuatanga miihini (17, 24, 25); he 340 N/m te pakari o te graphene i roto i te papa, ā, he 0.5 TPa te modulus a Young (26). Kāore te whatunga waro-waro kaha e whakarato i ngā tikanga tohatoha pūngao mō te taumahatanga kua whakamahia, nō reira ka pakaru wawe i raro i te 5% te taumahatanga. Hei tauira, ko te graphene CVD kua whakawhitia ki runga i te papa rapa polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ka taea anake te pupuri i tōna kawe hiko i raro i te 6% te taumahatanga (8). E whakaatu ana ngā tātaitanga ariā ko te pakaru me te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā paparanga rerekē me tino whakaiti i te pakari (26). Mā te whakarārangi i te graphene ki roto i ngā paparanga maha, e kīia ana ka taea te totoro i tēnei graphene paparua, paparua rānei ki te 30% te taumahatanga, e whakaatu ana i te huringa ātete 13 ngā wā iti iho i te graphene paparua kotahi (27). Heoi anō, he iti iho tonu te kaha o tēnei totoro i ngā kaiārahi totoro hou (28, 29).
He mea nui ngā transistors i roto i ngā tono totoro nā te mea ka taea e rātou te pānui i ngā pūoko me te tātari tohu matatau (30, 31). Ka taea e ngā transistors i runga i te PDMS me te graphene maha-paparanga hei irahiko pūtake/tātari me te rauemi hongere te pupuri i te mahi hiko tae atu ki te 5% te taumahatanga (32), he iti rawa iho i te uara iti rawa e hiahiatia ana (~50%) mō ngā pūoko aroturuki hauora ka taea te mau me te kiri hiko (33, 34). Nō nā tata nei, kua tūhuratia he huarahi kirigami graphene, ā, ka taea te totoro i te transistor e āraihia ana e te irahiko wai ki te 240% (35). Heoi, me whakamahi tēnei tikanga i te graphene iri, e whakauaua ana i te tukanga hanga.
I konei, ka tutuki i a mātou ngā taputapu graphene tino totoro mā te whakauru i ngā panuku graphene (~1 ki te 20 μm te roa, ~0.1 ki te 1 μm te whānui, me te ~10 ki te 100 nm te teitei) i waenganui i ngā paparanga graphene. E whakapae ana mātou ka taea e ēnei panuku graphene te whakarato i ngā ara kawe hiko hei whakapiri i ngā kapiti i roto i ngā rau graphene, kia mau tonu ai te kawe hiko teitei i raro i te taumahatanga. Kāore e hiahiatia he hanganga, he tukanga rānei mō ngā panuku graphene; ka hangaia māoritia i te wā o te tukanga whakawhiti mākū. Mā te whakamahi i ngā panuku G/G maha-paparanga (graphene/graphene) (MGG) ngā irahiko totoro graphene (pūtake/waikeri me te kuaha) me ngā CNT haurua-kawe, i taea e mātou te whakaatu i ngā transistor waro-katoa tino mārama me te tino totoro, ka taea te totoro ki te 120% te taumahatanga (e rite ana ki te ahunga o te kawe utu) me te pupuri i te 60% o tā rātou putanga iahiko taketake. Koinei te transistor waro-e tino totoro ana tae noa ki tēnei wā, ā, e whakarato ana i te iahiko e ranea ana hei taraiwa i tētahi LED kore-waro.
Hei whakahohe i ngā irahiko graphene totoro mārama-rahi, i whiriwhiria e mātou te graphene i whakatipuria ki te CVD i runga i te pepa Cu. I whakairihia te pepa Cu ki waenganui o te ngongo quartz CVD hei tuku i te tipu o te graphene i ngā taha e rua, hei hanga i ngā hanganga G/Cu/G. Hei whakawhiti i te graphene, i pania tuatahitia e mātou he paparanga angiangi o te poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) hei tiaki i tetahi taha o te graphene, i tapaina e mātou ko te graphene taha-runga (te ritenga kē mō tetahi taha o te graphene), ā, i muri mai, i rumakina te kiriata katoa (PMMA/graphene runga/Cu/graphene raro) ki roto i te otinga (NH4)2S2O8 hei tango i te pepa Cu. Ko te graphene taha-raro kāore he paninga PMMA ka pāngia e ngā pakaru me ngā hapa e taea ai e te kaitā te uru atu (36, 37). E ai ki te whakaaturanga i te Pikitia 1A, i raro i te pānga o te taumahatanga mata, i hurihia ngā rohe graphene i tukuna hei panuku, ā, i muri mai ka piri ki te kiriata G-runga/PMMA e toe ana. Ka taea te whakawhiti i ngā panuku o runga-G/G ki runga i tētahi papa, pērā i te SiO2/Si, te karāhe, te pūmua ngohengohe rānei. Mā te whakahou i tēnei tukanga whakawhiti i ngā wā maha ki runga i te papa kotahi ka puta he hanganga MGG.
(A) Whakaahua kauwhata o te tukanga hanga mō ngā MGG hei irahiko totoro. I te wā o te whakawhiti graphene, i pakaruhia te graphene o muri i runga i te pepa Cu i ngā rohe me ngā hapa, i hurihia kia rite ki ngā āhua, ā, i piri pūmau ki ngā kiriata o runga, ka hanga he nanoscrolls. Ko te pakiwaituhi tuawhā e whakaatu ana i te hanganga MGG kua whakarārangihia. (B me C) Ngā āhuatanga TEM teitei o te MGG paparanga kotahi, e aro ana ki te graphene paparanga kotahi (B) me te rohe panuku (C), ia. Ko te whakaurunga o (B) he whakaahua whakanui iti e whakaatu ana i te āhua whānui o ngā MGG paparanga kotahi i runga i te whatunga TEM. Ko ngā whakaurunga o (C) ko ngā kōtaha kaha i tangohia i runga i ngā pouaka tapawhā kua tohua i roto i te whakaahua, ko te tawhiti i waenga i ngā papa ngota he 0.34 me te 0.41 nm. (D) Te whānuitanga o te EEL taha-K waro me ngā tihi graphitic π* me σ* kua tohua. (E) Whakaahua AFM wāhanga o ngā panuku paparanga kotahi G/G me te kōtaha teitei i te rārangi ira kōwhai. (F ki I) Te karu tirotiro whatu me te whakaahua AFM o te paparanga toru G me te kore (F me te H) me ngā panuku (G me te I) i runga i ngā papa SiO2/Si matotoru 300-nm. I tapaina ngā panuku me ngā kita hei whakaatu i ō rātou rerekētanga.
Hei whakamana i te āhua o ngā panuku he graphene hurihuri, i whakahaerehia e mātou he rangahau tirotiro irahiko tuku teitei (TEM) me te rangahau irahiko ngaronga pūngao (EEL) i runga i ngā hanganga panuku G/G o runga papa kotahi. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1B i te hanganga hexagonal o te graphene papa kotahi, ā, ko te whakaurunga he āhua whānui o te kiriata kua hipokina ki runga i te kōhao waro kotahi o te whatunga TEM. Ka horapa te graphene papa kotahi i te nuinga o te whatunga, ā, ka puta mai ētahi maramara graphene i te aroaro o ngā puranga maha o ngā mowhiti hexagonal (Pikitia 1B). Mā te whakanui ake ki roto i tētahi panuku takitahi (Pikitia 1C), i kite mātou i te nui o ngā taha whakarara graphene, me te tawhiti whakarara i waenga i te 0.34 ki te 0.41 nm. E kī ana ēnei inenga kua whakararahia matapōkeretia ngā maramara, ā, ehara i te graphite tino tika, he 0.34 nm te tawhiti whakarara i roto i te whakarara papa "ABAB". E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1D i te whānuitanga o te K-edge EEL waro, ko te tihi i te 285 eV e ahu mai ana i te porowhita π*, ā, ko te tihi i te 290 eV e ahu mai ana i te whakawhiti o te porowhita σ*. Ka kitea ko te hononga sp2 te mea nui i roto i tēnei hanganga, e whakamana ana he tino kaha te āhua o ngā panuku.
Mā te karuārai kanohi whatu me ngā whakaahua karuārai kaha ngota (AFM) ka kitea te tohatoha o ngā nanoscroll graphene i roto i ngā MGG (Pikitia 1, E ki G, me ngā pikinga S1 me S2). Ka tohatoha matapōkeretia ngā panuku ki runga i te mata, ā, ka piki ake tō rātou kiato i roto i te papa i runga i te maha o ngā paparanga kua whakarārangihia. He maha ngā panuku e whiri ana ki ngā pona, ā, he koretake te teitei i waenga i te 10 ki te 100 nm. He 1 ki te 20 μm te roa, ā, he 0.1 ki te 1 μm te whānui, i runga i te rahi o ō rātou maramara graphene tuatahi. E ai ki te Pikitia 1 (H me I), he nui ake ngā rahi o ngā panuku i ngā kita, ka hua ake he hononga taratara rawa atu i waenga i ngā paparanga graphene.
Hei ine i ngā āhuatanga hiko, i tauirahia e mātou ngā kiriata graphene me ngā hanganga panuku, kāore rānei, me te whakarārangi paparanga ki roto i ngā rīpene 300-μm te whānui me te 2000-μm te roa mā te whakamahi i te whakaahua whakaahua. I inehia ngā ātete rua-tirohanga hei mahi a te taumahatanga i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao. Nā te aroaro o ngā panuku i whakaiti i te ātete mō te graphene paparua kotahi mā te 80% me te hekenga 2.2% noa iho i roto i te tuku (pikitia S4). E whakaū ana tēnei ko ngā nanoscrolls, he nui te kiato o te iahiko tae atu ki te 5 × 107 A/cm2 (38, 39), he tino pai te takoha hiko ki ngā MGG. I roto i ngā graphene me ngā MGG paparua kotahi, paparua, me te paparua, ko te MGG paparua te mea pai rawa atu te kawe hiko me te mārama tata ki te 90%. Hei whakataurite ki ētahi atu puna o te graphene i kōrerotia i roto i ngā tuhinga, i inehia hoki e mātou ngā ātete rau wha-whakamātautau (pikitia S5) ā, i whakarārangihia hei pānga o te whakawhiti i te 550 nm (pikitia S6) i roto i te Pikitia 2A. E whakaatu ana te MGG i te kawe hiko me te māramatanga rite tonu, teitei ake rānei i te graphene papatahi maha-papa kua whakarārangihia me te waikura graphene kua whakaitihia (RGO) (6, 8, 18). Kia mahara ko ngā ātete rau o te graphene papatahi maha-papa kua whakarārangihia mai i ngā tuhinga he paku teitei ake i tā mātou MGG, nā te mea pea kāore i tino pai te tipu me te tikanga whakawhiti.
(A) Ngā ātete rau wha-tirotiro me te whakawhiti i te 550 nm mō ētahi momo graphene, ko ngā tapawhā pango e tohu ana i ngā MGG mono-, bi-, me te tri-layer; ko ngā porowhita whero me ngā tapatoru kikorangi e rite ana ki te graphene papatahi maha-papa i whakatipuria ki runga i te Cu me te Ni mai i ngā rangahau a Li et al. (6) me Kim et al. (8), ia, ā, i muri mai ka whakawhitia ki runga i te SiO2/Si, ki te quartz rānei; ā, ko ngā tapatoru matomato he uara mō te RGO i ngā nekehanga whakaiti rerekē mai i te rangahau a Bonaccorso et al. (18). (B me C) Te huringa ātete kua whakatauritea o ngā MGG mono-, bi- me te tri-layer me te G hei pānga o te taumahatanga poutū (B) me te whakarara (C) ki te ahunga o te rere o te ia. (D) Te huringa ātete kua whakatauritea o te rua-papa G (whero) me te MGG (mangu) i raro i te kawenga taumahatanga huringa tae atu ki te 50% te taumahatanga poutū. (E) Te huringa ātete kua whakatauritea o te toru-papa G (whero) me te MGG (mangu) i raro i te kawenga taumahatanga huringa tae atu ki te 90% te taumahatanga whakarara. (F) Te panonitanga kaha kua whakaōritehia o te paparanga kotahi, paparanga rua me te paparanga toru G me ngā paparanga rua me te paparanga toru MGG hei mahi a te taumahatanga. Ko te whakaurunga ko te hanganga kaha, ko te paparanga pūmua ko SEBS, ā, ko te paparanga dielectric pūmua ko te SEBS 2-μm te matotoru.
Hei aromatawai i te mahi a te MGG e whakawhirinaki ana ki te taumahatanga, i whakawhitihia e mātou te graphene ki runga i ngā papa elastomer thermoplastic styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) (~2 cm te whānui me te ~5 cm te roa), ā, i inehia te kawe hiko i te mea e totorohia ana te papa (tirohia ngā Rauemi me ngā Tikanga) i te taha poutū me te taha whakarara ki te ahunga o te rere o te iahiko (Pikitia 2, B me C). I pai ake te whanonga hiko e whakawhirinaki ana ki te taumahatanga me te whakaurunga o ngā nanoscrolls me te pikinga o te maha o ngā paparanga graphene. Hei tauira, i te wā e poutū ana te taumahatanga ki te rere o te iahiko, mō te graphene papa kotahi, nā te tāpiri o ngā panuku i whakanui ake te taumahatanga i te pakaru hiko mai i te 5 ki te 70%. Ka tino pai ake hoki te manawanui taumahatanga o te graphene papa toru ki te whakataurite ki te graphene papa kotahi. Ki ngā nanoscrolls, i te 100% te taumahatanga poutū, ko te ātete o te hanganga MGG papa toru i piki ake mā te 50% anake, ki te whakataurite ki te 300% mō te graphene papa toru kāore he panuku. I tirotirohia te huringa ātete i raro i te uta taumahatanga huringa. Hei whakatairite (Pikitia 2D), ko ngā ātete o tētahi kiriata graphene paparua noa i piki ake i te 7.5 ngā wā i muri i te ~700 huringa i te 50% o te taumahatanga poutū, ā, i piki tonu me te taumahatanga i ia huringa. I tētahi atu taha, ko te ātete o tētahi MGG paparua anake i piki ake i te 2.5 ngā wā i muri i te ~700 huringa. Mā te whakamahi i te taumahatanga tae atu ki te 90% i te taha whakarara, ka piki ake te ātete o te graphene paparua toru i te ~100 ngā wā i muri i te 1000 huringa, engari he ~8 noa iho i roto i tētahi MGG paparua toru (Pikitia 2E). Kei te whakaatuhia ngā hua o te huringa i te pikitia S7. Ko te pikinga tere ake o te ātete i te taha o te ahunga taumahatanga whakarara nā te mea ko te aronga o ngā kapiti he poutū ki te ahunga o te rere o te iahiko. Ko te rerekētanga o te ātete i te wā e utaina ana, e tangohia ana te taumahatanga nā te whakaoranga viscoelastic o te papa elastomer SEBS. Ko te ātete pumau ake o ngā rīpene MGG i te wā e huringa ana nā te noho mai o ngā panuku nui ka taea te hono i ngā wāhanga pakaru o te graphene (e kitea ana e AFM), e āwhina ana ki te pupuri i te ara percolating. Kua pūrongohia kētia tēnei āhuatanga o te pupuri i te kawe hiko mā te ara whakapūmau mō ngā kiriata konganuku pakaru, ngā kiriata haurua-ira rānei i runga i ngā papa elastomer (40, 41).
Hei aromatawai i ēnei kiriata e hangai ana ki te graphene hei irahiko kuaha i roto i ngā taputapu totoro, i hipokina e mātou te paparanga graphene ki te paparanga dielectric SEBS (2 μm te matotoru) ā, i aroturukihia te huringa kaha dielectric hei mahi a te taumahatanga (tirohia te Pikitia 2F me ngā Rauemi Tāpiri mō ētahi atu taipitopito). I kitea e mātou he tere te heke o ngā kaha me ngā irahiko graphene monolayer me te bilayer nā te ngaronga o te kawe hiko i roto i te papa o te graphene. He rerekē, ko ngā kaha i āraihia e ngā MGG me te graphene trilayer i whakaatu i te pikinga o te kaha me te taumahatanga, e tumanakohia ana nā te hekenga o te matotoru dielectric me te taumahatanga. Ko te pikinga e tumanakohia ana o te kaha i tino ōrite ki te hanganga MGG (pikitia S8). E tohu ana tēnei he pai te MGG hei irahiko kuaha mō ngā transistors totoro.
Hei tirotiro anō i te mahi a te panuku graphene 1D ki te manawanui taumahatanga o te kawe hiko, me te whakahaere pai ake i te wehenga i waenga i ngā paparanga graphene, i whakamahia e mātou ngā CNT pania-rehu hei whakakapi i ngā panuku graphene (tirohia ngā Rauemi Tāpiri). Hei whakatauira i ngā hanganga MGG, i whakatakotoria e mātou kia toru ngā kiato o ngā CNT (arā, CNT1
(A ki C) Ngā whakaahua AFM o ngā matotoru rerekē e toru o ngā CNT (CNT1
Hei mārama ake i tō rātou kaha hei irahiko mō ngā hikohiko totoro, i tirotirohia e mātou ngā āhua o MGG me G-CNT-G i raro i te taumahatanga. Kāore te karuārai whatu me te karuārai irahiko matawai (SEM) i te whai hua mō te tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga nā te mea kāore e rua ngā mea e rerekē ana te tae, ā, ka pāngia te SEM e ngā āhuatanga whakaahua i te wā e matawai ana irahiko ina kei runga i ngā papa polymer te graphene (pikitia S9 me S10). Hei tirotiro i te mata graphene i raro i te taumahatanga, i kohia e mātou ngā inenga AFM i runga i ngā MGG paparanga toru me te graphene papatahi i muri i te whakawhiti ki ngā papa SEBS tino angiangi (~0.1 mm te matotoru) me te ngāwari. Nā te mea he hapa ā-roto i roto i te graphene CVD me te kino o waho i te wā o te tukanga whakawhiti, ka puta ake ngā pakaru i runga i te graphene kua taumahatia, ā, i te pikinga o te taumahatanga, ka nui haere ngā pakaru (Pikitia 4, A ki D). I runga i te hanganga whakarārangi o ngā irahiko waro-hanga, he rerekē ngā āhua o ngā pakaru (pikitia S11) (27). He iti iho te mātotoru o te horahanga pakaru (e tautuhia ana ko te horahanga pakaru/horahanga tātarihia) o te graphene paparua maha i tērā o te graphene paparua kotahi i muri i te taumahatanga, he rite tonu ki te pikinga o te kawe hiko mō ngā MGG. I tētahi atu taha, he maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā panuku hei whakapiri i ngā pakaru, e whakarato ana i ngā ara kawe hiko tāpiri i roto i te kiriata taumaha. Hei tauira, e ai ki te tohu i te ahua o te Pikitia 4B, he panuku whānui e whiti ana i runga i te pakaru i roto i te MGG paparua toru, engari kāore i kitea he panuku i roto i te graphene papatahi (Pikitia 4, E ki H). Waihoki, i whakapirihia hoki e ngā CNT ngā pakaru i roto i te graphene (pikitia S11). Ko te mātotoru o te horahanga pakaru, te mātotoru o te horahanga panuku, me te taratara o ngā kiriata kua whakarāpopototia ki te Pikitia 4K.
(A ki H) Ngā whakaahua AFM in situ o ngā panuku G/G paparanga-toru (A ki D) me ngā hanganga G paparanga-toru (E ki H) i runga i tētahi elastomer SEBS tino angiangi (~0.1 mm te matotoru) i te taumahatanga 0, 20, 60, me te 100%. Kua tohua ngā kapiti me ngā panuku mā te pere. Kei roto ngā whakaahua AFM katoa i te horahanga 15 μm × 15 μm, mā te whakamahi i te pae tauine tae kotahi i tohua. (I) Te āhuahanga whakatauira o ngā irahiko graphene paparanga-kotahi tauira i runga i te papa SEBS. (J) Te mahere āhuahanga whakatauira o te taumahatanga matua logarithmic i roto i te graphene paparanga-kotahi me te papa SEBS i te taumahatanga o waho 20%. (K) Te whakataurite i te kiato horahanga kapiti (pou whero), te kiato horahanga panuku (pou kōwhai), me te taratara o te mata (pou kikorangi) mō ngā hanganga graphene rerekē.
Ina totorohia ngā kiriata MGG, he tikanga nui anō hoki hei hono i ngā panuku ki ngā rohe pakaru o te graphene, kia mau tonu ai he whatunga wero. He pai ngā panuku graphene nā te mea ka taea e rātou te roa ki ngā tekau maikiromita, nō reira ka taea te hono i ngā kapiti e tae atu ana ki te tauine maikiromita. Hei tāpiri, nā te mea he maha ngā paparanga o te graphene kei roto i ngā panuku, e tika ana kia iti te ātete. Hei whakataurite, me whai whatunga CNT matotoru (he iti ake te tuku) hei whakarato i te kaha hono kawe hiko rite tonu, nā te mea he iti ake ngā CNT (he torutoru maikiromita te roa) ā, he iti ake te kawe hiko i ngā panuku. I tētahi atu taha, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia S12, i te mea ka pakaru te graphene i te wā e totoro ana hei whakauru i te taumahatanga, kāore ngā panuku e pakaru, e tohu ana kei te paheke pea te graphene i runga i te graphene kei raro. Ko te take kāore e pakaru, he mea pea nā te hanganga kua pōkaihia, he maha ngā paparanga o te graphene (~1 ki te 2 0 μm te roa, ~0.1 ki te 1 μm te whānui, me te ~10 ki te 100 nm te teitei), he nui ake te modulus whai hua i te graphene paparanga-kotahi. E ai ki a Green rāua ko Hersam (42), ka taea e ngā whatunga CNT whakarewa (te diameter ngongo 1.0 nm) te whakatutuki i ngā ātete pepa iti <100 ohms/sq ahakoa te ātete hononga nui i waenga i ngā CNT. I te mea he whānui ā mātou panuku graphene o te 0.1 ki te 1 μm, ā, he nui ake ngā horahanga whakapā o ngā panuku G/G i ngā CNT, kaua te ātete whakapā me te horahanga whakapā i waenga i te graphene me ngā panuku graphene e waiho hei āhuatanga whakawhāiti hei pupuri i te kawe hiko teitei.
He nui ake te modulus o te graphene i te papa SEBS. Ahakoa he iti iho te matotoru whai hua o te hiko graphene i tērā o te papa, he rite te pakari o te graphene ki tōna matotoru ki tērā o te papa (43, 44), ka hua ake he pānga moutere pakari-taurite. I whakatauira mātou i te whakarerekētanga o te graphene 1-nm-matotoru i runga i te papa SEBS (tirohia ngā Rauemi Tāpiri mō ētahi atu taipitopito). E ai ki ngā hua whakatauira, ina whakamahia te 20% o te taumahatanga ki te papa SEBS ki waho, ko te taumahatanga toharite i roto i te graphene he ~6.6% (Pikitia 4J me te pikinga S13D), he rite ki ngā kitenga whakamātautau (tirohia te pikinga S13). I whakaritea e mātou te taumahatanga i roto i ngā rohe graphene me te papa tauira mā te whakamahi i te karuārai whatu, ā, i kitea ko te taumahatanga i roto i te rohe papa he rua pea te taumahatanga i roto i te rohe graphene. E tohu ana tēnei ko te taumahatanga i whakamahia ki ngā tauira hiko graphene ka taea te whakawhāiti nui, ka hanga he moutere pakari graphene i runga i te SEBS (26, 43, 44).
Nō reira, ko te kaha o ngā irahiko MGG ki te pupuri i te kawe hiko teitei i raro i te taumahatanga teitei, e rua pea ngā tikanga matua e āhei ai: (i) Ka taea e ngā panuku te hono i ngā rohe motumotu hei pupuri i te ara whakawhiti hiko, me (ii) ka paheke pea ngā rau graphene/elastomer maha-paparanga ki runga i a rātou anō, ka iti ake te taumahatanga ki ngā irahiko graphene. Mō ngā paparanga maha o te graphene kua whakawhitia ki runga i te elastomer, kāore ngā paparanga i te piri kaha tetahi ki tetahi, ka paheke pea hei whakautu ki te taumahatanga (27). I whakanuia hoki e ngā panuku te taratara o ngā paparanga graphene, ka āwhina pea ki te whakanui ake i te wehenga i waenga i ngā paparanga graphene, ā, ka taea ai te paheke o ngā paparanga graphene.
E rapuhia ana ngā taputapu waro-katoa nā te iti o te utu me te nui o te kaha whakaputa. I roto i tā mātou take, i hangaia ngā transistors waro-katoa mā te whakamahi i te kuaha graphene raro, te pūtake/pānga waikeri graphene runga, te haurua-whakawhiti CNT kua whakaritea, me te SEBS hei dielectric (Pikitia 5A). E ai ki te Pikitia 5B, he mārama ake te taputapu waro-katoa me ngā CNT hei pūtake/waikeri me te kuaha (taputapu raro) i te taputapu me ngā irahiko graphene (taputapu o runga). Nā te mea me nui ake ngā matotoru o ngā whatunga CNT, ā, nō reira, he iti ake ngā tuku whatu hei whakatutuki i ngā ātete rau rite ki te graphene (pikitia S4). E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 5 (C me te D) i ngā ānau whakawhiti me te putanga i mua i te taumahatanga mō te transistor i hangaia me ngā irahiko MGG paparanga-rua. Ko te whānui me te roa o te hongere o te transistor kore-taumaha he 800 me te 100 μm, ia. Ko te ōwehenga whakakā/whakaweto i inehia he nui ake i te 103 me ngā iahiko whakakā me te whakaweto i ngā taumata o te 10−5 me te 10−8 A, ia. Kei te kōpiko putanga ngā tikanga raina me te whakakī pai rawa atu me te whakawhirinakitanga mārama ki te ngaohiko kuaha, e tohu ana i te whakapā pai i waenga i ngā CNT me ngā irahiko graphene (45). I kitea te ātete whakapā ki ngā irahiko graphene he iti iho i tērā me te kiriata Au kua mimiti (tirohia te pikitia S14). Ko te nekehanga whakakī o te transistor totoro he tata ki te 5.6 cm2/Vs, he rite ki tērā o ngā transistor CNT kua whakarōpūhia ki te polymer i runga i ngā papa Si pakari me te 300-nm SiO2 hei paparanga dielectric. Ka taea te whakapai ake i te nekehanga me te kiato ngongo kua whakapaitia me ētahi atu momo ngongo (46).
(A) Kaupapa o te transistor totoro e hangai ana ki te graphene. SWNT, ngā nanotube waro kotahi-paki. (B) Whakaahua o ngā transistor totoro i hangaia mai i ngā irahiko graphene (runga) me ngā irahiko CNT (raro). Ka kitea mārama te rerekētanga o te māramatanga. (C me te D) Ngā ānau whakawhiti me te putanga o te transistor e hangai ana ki te graphene i runga i te SEBS i mua i te taumahatanga. (E me te F) Ngā ānau whakawhiti, te iahiko whakakā me te whakaweto, te ōwehenga whakakā/whakaweto, me te nekehanga o te transistor e hangai ana ki te graphene i ngā taumahatanga rerekē.
I te totorotanga o te taputapu waro-katoa mārama i te ahunga whakarara ki te ahunga kawe utu, i kitea he iti noa te hekenga tae atu ki te 120% te taumahatanga. I te totorotanga, ka heke tonu te nekenekehanga mai i te 5.6 cm2/Vs i te 0% taumahatanga ki te 2.5 cm2/Vs i te 120% taumahatanga (Pikitia 5F). I whakaritea hoki e mātou te mahi a te transistor mō ngā roa hongere rerekē (tirohia te ripanga S1). He mea nui, i te taumahatanga nui tae atu ki te 105%, i whakaatu tonu ēnei transistors katoa i te ōwehenga whakakā/whakaweto teitei ( >103) me te nekenekehanga ( >3 cm2/Vs). Hei tāpiri, i whakarāpopototia e mātou ngā mahi hou katoa mō ngā transistors waro-katoa (tirohia te ripanga S2) (47–52). Mā te arotau i te hanga taputapu i runga i ngā elastomers me te whakamahi i ngā MGG hei hoapā, ka whakaatu ā mātou transistors waro-katoa i te mahi pai i runga i te nekenekehanga me te hysteresis me te tino totoro.
Hei whakamahinga o te transistor tino mārama, ka taea te totoro, i whakamahia e mātou hei whakahaere i te whakawhiti o te LED (Pikitia 6A). E ai ki te Pikitia 6B, ka kitea mārama te LED matomato mā roto i te taputapu waro-katoa ka taea te totoro kei runga tonu. Ahakoa e totoro ana ki te ~100% (Pikitia 6, C me D), kāore te kaha o te māramatanga LED e rerekē, he rite ki te mahi transistor kua whakaahuatia i runga ake nei (tirohia te kiriata S1). Koinei te pūrongo tuatahi o ngā waeine whakahaere ka taea te totoro i hangaia mā te whakamahi i ngā irahiko graphene, e whakaatu ana i tētahi huarahi hou mō ngā hikohiko ka taea te totoro graphene.
(A) Te ara iahiko o te transistor hei taraiwa i te LED. GND, whenua. (B) Whakaahua o te transistor waro-katoa ka taea te totoro me te mārama i te 0% te taumahatanga e mau ana ki runga ake i te LED matomato. (C) Ko te transistor waro-katoa mārama me te totoro e whakamahia ana hei whakawhiti i te LED kei te mau ki runga ake i te LED i te 0% (maui) me te ~100% te taumahatanga (matau). Ko ngā pere mā e tohu ana ko ngā tohu kōwhai i runga i te taputapu hei whakaatu i te huringa tawhiti e totorohia ana. (D) Tirohanga taha o te transistor totoro, me te LED e panaia ana ki roto i te elastomer.
Hei whakamutunga, kua whakawhanakehia e mātou he hanganga graphene mārama e pupuri ana i te kawe hiko teitei i raro i ngā taumahatanga nui hei irahiko totoro, ka taea e ngā nanoscroll graphene i waenganui i ngā paparanga graphene kua whakarārangihia. Ka taea e ēnei hanganga irahiko MGG rua-paparanga me te toru-paparanga i runga i te elastomer te pupuri i te 21 me te 65%, ia, o ō rātou kawe hiko 0% i te taumahatanga tae atu ki te 100%, ki te whakataurite ki te ngaronga katoa o te kawe hiko i te 5% taumahatanga mō ngā irahiko graphene paparanga kotahi noa. Ko ngā ara kawe hiko tāpiri o ngā panuku graphene me te taunekeneke ngoikore i waenga i ngā paparanga kua whakawhitia ka whai wāhi ki te pumau kawe hiko pai ake i raro i te taumahatanga. I whakamahia anō e mātou tēnei hanganga graphene ki te hanga i ngā transistors totoro waro-katoa. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, koinei te transistor e hangai ana ki te graphene tino totoro me te māramatanga pai rawa atu me te kore e whakamahi i te piko. Ahakoa i whakahaerehia tēnei rangahau hei whakahohe i te graphene mō ngā hiko totoro, e whakapono ana mātou ka taea te whakawhānui ake i tēnei huarahi ki ētahi atu rauemi 2D hei whakahohe i ngā hiko 2D totoro.
I whakatipuria te graphene CVD whānui-rohe ki runga i ngā pepa whakarewa Cu iri (99.999%; Alfa Aesar) i raro i te pēhanga pumau o te 0.5 mtorr me te 50–SCCM (henimita kūpiko paerewa ia meneti) CH4 me te 20–SCCM H2 hei matū mua i te 1000°C. I hipokina ngā taha e rua o te pepa whakarewa Cu ki te graphene paparanga kotahi. I pania he paparanga angiangi o te PMMA (2000 rpm; A4, Microchem) ki te taha kotahi o te pepa whakarewa Cu, ka hanga he hanganga PMMA/G/Cu pepa whakarewa/G. Muri iho, i rumakina te kiriata katoa ki te otinga 0.1 M ammonium persulfate [(NH4)2S2O8] mō te 2 hāora pea hei tango i te pepa whakarewa Cu. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka haehae tuatahi te graphene o muri kāore i tiakina i ngā rohe kōpaka, kātahi ka hurihia hei panuku nā te taumahatanga o te mata. I tāpirihia ngā panuku ki runga i te kiriata graphene o runga e tautokona ana e te PMMA, ka hanga he panuku PMMA/G/G. I muri mai, ka horoia ngā kiriata ki te wai whakakore iona i ngā wā maha, ā, ka whakatakotoria ki runga i tētahi papa e hiahiatia ana, pērā i te SiO2/Si pakari, i tētahi papa kirihou rānei. I te maroketanga o te kiriata e piri ana ki runga i te papa, ka rumakina te tauira ki te acetone, te acetone/IPA (waipiro isopropyl) 1:1, me te IPA mō te 30 hēkona hei tango i te PMMA. I whakamahanahia ngā kiriata ki te 100°C mō te 15 meneti, i puritia rānei ki roto i te korehau mō te pō kia tangohia katoatia te wai kua mau i mua i te whakawhitia o tētahi atu paparanga o te panuku G/G ki runga. Ko tēnei mahi hei karo i te wehenga o te kiriata graphene mai i te papa, me te whakarite kia kapi katoa ngā MGG i te wā e tukuna ana te paparanga kawe PMMA.
I tirohia te āhua o te hanganga MGG mā te whakamahi i tētahi karuārai whatu (Leica) me tētahi karuārai irahiko matawai (1 kV; FEI). I whakahaerehia tētahi karuārai kaha ngota (Nanoscope III, Taputapu Mamati) i roto i te aratau patopato hei tirotiro i ngā taipitopito o ngā panuku G. I whakamātauria te māramatanga o te kiriata e tētahi ine hihi-kitea ultraviolet (Agilent Cary 6000i). Mō ngā whakamātautau i te wā i haere te taumahatanga i te ahunga poutū o te rere o te iahiko, i whakamahia te whakaahua me te plasma O2 hei tauira i ngā hanganga graphene ki ngā rīpene (~300 μm te whānui me te ~2000 μm te roa), ā, i whakatakotoria ngā irahiko Au (50 nm) ki te wera mā te whakamahi i ngā kopare atarangi i ngā pito e rua o te taha roa. Kātahi ka whakapirihia ngā rīpene graphene ki tētahi elastomer SEBS (~2 cm te whānui me te ~5 cm te roa), me te tuaka roa o ngā rīpene e whakarara ana ki te taha poto o SEBS, ā, ka whai ko te whakairo BOE (buffered oxide etch) (HF:H2O 1:6) me te eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) hei hononga hiko. Mō ngā whakamātautau taumahatanga whakarara, i whakawhitia ngā hanganga graphene kore tauira (~5 × 10 mm) ki runga i ngā papa SEBS, me ngā toki roa e whakarara ana ki te taha roa o te papa SEBS. Mō ngā take e rua, i totorohia te G katoa (me te kore he panuku G)/SEBS i te taha roa o te elastomer i roto i tētahi taputapu ā-ringa, ā, i te wāhi i reira, i inehia e mātou ō rātou huringa ātete i raro i te taumahatanga i runga i tētahi teihana tirotiro me tētahi tātari haurua-ira (Keithley 4200-SCS).
Ko ngā transistors waro-katoa tino totoro me te mārama i runga i te papa rapa i hangaia mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga e whai ake nei hei karo i te kino o te whakarewa waro o te dielectric polymer me te papa. I whakawhitia ngā hanganga MGG ki runga i te SEBS hei irahiko kuaha. Hei whiwhi i tētahi paparanga dielectric polymer kiriata angiangi ōrite (2 μm te matotoru), i pania he otinga SEBS toluene (80 mg/ml) ki runga i tētahi papa SiO2/Si kua whakarerekētia ki te octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) i te 1000 rpm mō te 1 meneti. Ka taea te whakawhiti ngāwari i te kiriata dielectric angiangi mai i te mata OTS hydrophobic ki runga i te papa SEBS kua hipokina ki te graphene kua whakaritea. Ka taea te hanga i tētahi capacitor mā te whakatakoto i tētahi irahiko o runga whakarewa-wai (EGaIn; Sigma-Aldrich) hei whakatau i te capacitance hei mahi a te taumahatanga mā te whakamahi i tētahi mita LCR (inductance, capacitance, resistance) (Agilent). Ko tētahi atu wāhanga o te transistor he CNT semiconducting kua whakarōpūhia ki te polymer, e whai ana i ngā tikanga i kōrerotia i mua (53). I hangaia ngā irahiko pūtake/tātari tauira i runga i ngā papa SiO2/Si pakari. I muri mai, i whakapirihia ngā wāhanga e rua, te dielectric/G/SEBS me ngā CNT/G/SiO2/Si tauira, ki a rātou anō, ā, i rumakina ki roto i te BOE hei tango i te papa SiO2/Si pakari. Nō reira, i hangaia ngā transistors tino mārama me te totoro. I whakahaerehia te whakamātautau hiko i raro i te taumahatanga i runga i te tatūnga totoro ā-ringa e ai ki te tikanga i runga ake nei.
Kei te wātea ngā rauemi tāpiri mō tēnei tuhinga i http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/3/9/e1700159/DC1
pikitia S1. Ngā whakaahua karuārai whatu o te MGG paparanga kotahi i runga i ngā papa SiO2/Si i ngā whakanuinga rerekē.
pikitia S4. Te whakataurite i ngā ātete rau-rua me ngā whakawhiti @550 nm o te graphene papatahi kotahi-, paparua- me te paparua-toru (tapawhā pango), MGG (porowhita whero), me ngā CNT (tapatoru kikorangi).
pikitia S7. Te huringa ātete kua whakatauritea o ngā MGG paparua me te paparua (mangu) me te G (whero) i raro i te ~1000 kawenga taumahatanga huringa tae atu ki te 40 me te 90% taumahatanga whakarara, ia.
pikitia S10. Whakaahua SEM o te MGG paparanga-toru i runga i te elastomer SEBS i muri i te tātaritanga, e whakaatu ana i te whiti panuku roa i runga i ētahi kapiti.
pikitia S12. Whakaahua AFM o te MGG paparanga-toru i runga i te elastomer SEBS tino angiangi i te 20% taumahatanga, e whakaatu ana i whiti tetahi panuku i runga i te kapiti.
ripanga S1. Ngā nekehanga o ngā transistors nanotube waro paparua MGG–kotahi-pakipa i ngā roa hongere rerekē i mua me muri i te taumahatanga.
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Na Nan Liu, Alex Chortos, Ting Lei, Lihua Jin, Taeho Roy Kim, Won-Gyu Bae, Chenxin Zhu, Sihong Wang, Raphael Pfattner, Xiyuan Chen, Robert Sinclair, Zhenan Bao
Na Nan Liu, Alex Chortos, Ting Lei, Lihua Jin, Taeho Roy Kim, Won-Gyu Bae, Chenxin Zhu, Sihong Wang, Raphael Pfattner, Xiyuan Chen, Robert Sinclair, Zhenan Bao
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