Cnooc (Qingdao) Pokapū Rangahau Hangarau Tukatuka Hinu Taumaha Co., LTD
Hangarau Tiaki Taputapu, Putanga 32, 2021
He Kupu Whakarāpopoto: Nā te whanaketanga tonu o te pūtaiao me te hangarau Hainamana i whakatairanga te whanaketanga o ngā momo rāngai o te hapori. I taua wā anō, kua whakarei ake hoki i tō tātou kaha ōhanga me te kaha whānui o te motu. Hei wāhanga nui o te tukanga hanga maitai porowhita, ko te ngira kōke te nuinga e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga i ngā irahiko karāhe. He mahi nui tāna i roto i te hanga hua pākahiko lithium, tae atu ki te umanga hiko karihi me ngā mara rererangi. I te whakatairanga i te papamuri o te pūtaiao me te hangarau, kua whakatairangahia te arotautanga tonu me te whakapai ake i te hangarau hanga maitai oumu hiko, ā, kua whakahoutia tonutia ngā paerewa me ngā whakaritenga e pā ana ki te ngira kōke i roto i te rangahau me te whanaketanga me te tukanga whakaputa, kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o te whanaketanga whakaputa pāpori. Nā te rerekētanga o ngā rauemi mata e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga whakaputa, ka wehea te ngira kōke ki te raupapa hinu me te raupapa waro. E ai ki ngā hua tono motuhake, ka kitea he kaha ake te mahi matū o te ngira kōke raupapa hinu i te raupapa waro. I roto i tēnei pepa, ka akohia e mātou te āhua o nāianei o te mākete arotahi ngira hinu me ngā raruraru o te tukanga rangahau me te whakaputa i ngā hangarau e tika ana, ā, ka tātarihia hoki ngā uauatanga o te whanaketanga whakaputa me ngā uauatanga hangarau e pā ana ki te arotahi ngira hinu.
I. Kupu Whakataki
He mea nui te mahi a te ngira kōka i roto i te hanga i te hiko karāpeti. Mai i te whanaketanga o nāianei, i tīmata wawe ngā whenua whakawhanake o tāwāhi pērā i te Hononga o Amerika me Hapani ki te rangahau me te whakawhanake me te hanga ngira kōka, ā, kua pakeke haere te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau e tika ana, ā, kua mōhio rātou ki te hangarau hanga matua o te ngira kōka hinu. Ki te whakataurite, ka tīmata tōmuri te rangahau motuhake me te hanga o te ngira kōka hinu. Engari me te whanaketanga tonu o tā tātou ōhanga mākete, me te whakatairanga i te whānui o ngā momo mara ahumahi, kua angitu te rangahau me te whanaketanga o te ngira kōka hinu i ngā tau tata nei, ā, kua tutuki te hanga ahumahi. Heoi, kei te noho tonu ētahi āputa i roto i te kounga me te pānga whakamahi ki ngā hua kawemai. Nō reira, me mārama te āhua whanaketanga o te mākete o nāianei me ngā uauatanga hangarau i roto i te pūnaha hinu.
II. Whakataki me te tātari i te whakamahinga o te hangarau ngira hinu koko
(1) Te tātari i te āhua whanaketanga o nāianei o te hinu kokonati ngira i te kāinga me tāwāhi
I ahu mai te hangarau ngira hinu kōka i te Hononga o Amerika i ngā tau 1950. Engari kua tuwhera mana tō tātou whenua.
I tīmata te rangahau mō te hangarau me te hanga o te kōka ngira hinu i te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1980. I raro i te tautoko a te kaupapa here ā-motu mō te rangahau me te whanaketanga hangarau, ka tīmata ngā whare rangahau Hainamana ki te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau maha mō te kōka ngira hinu, me te tūhura tonu me te rangahau i ngā momo tikanga whakamātautau. Hei tāpiri, i te tekau tau atu i 1990, kua oti i tō tātou whenua te maha o ngā rangahau whakamātautau mō te whakarite i te pūnaha hinu e arotahi ana ki te ngira, ā, kua tono mō te hangarau patent e tika ana. I ngā tau tata nei, me te tautoko a ngā kaupapa here ā-motu e tika ana, he maha ngā Kura Pūtaiao ā-rohe me ngā umanga e pā ana kua haumi ki te rangahau me te whanaketanga, ā, kua whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te whakaputa me te hanga i roto i te umanga. Kei te piki haere tonu te taumata rangahau me te whanaketanga o te hangarau kōka ngira hinu. Ko te take matua mō tēnei āhuatanga he nui te tono ā-rohe mō te kōka ngira hinu. Heoi, kāore e taea e te rangahau me te whanaketanga me te hanga ā-rohe te whakatutuki i te hiahia o te mākete, he nui te wāhanga o te mākete ā-rohe e nohoia ana e ngā hua kawemai. I runga i te āhua whanaketanga o nāianei, ahakoa kei te piki haere te arotahi me te aro ki te rangahau me te whakawhanake hangarau me te hanga e arotahi ana ki te ngira hinu, i runga i te taumata o te rangahau me te whakawhanake hangarau, tera tonu ētahi uauatanga e arai ana i te rangahau me te whakawhanake hangarau e tika ana, e arahi ana ki tētahi āputa nui i waenganui i tō tātou whenua me ngā whenua whakawhanake.
(2) Te tātaritanga tono hangarau o ngā umanga ngira koko hinu ā-rohe
I runga i te tātaritanga o te kounga o ngā hua o roto me tāwāhi me te pānga o te tono, ka kitea ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i a rātou i roto i te kounga o te coke ngira hinu te take matua o te rerekētanga o ngā taupū e rua o te tauwehenga whānui wera me te tohatoha rahi matūriki, e whakaata ana i te rerekētanga o te kounga hua [1]. Ko te take matua o tēnei āputa kounga ko ngā uauatanga whakaputa i roto i te tukanga hanga. I te taha o te tukanga whakaputa motuhake me te ihirangi tikanga o te coke ngira hinu, ko tana hangarau whakaputa matua ko te taumata maimoatanga o mua o ngā rauemi mata. I tēnei wā, ko Shanxi Hongte Chemical Co., LTD., Sinosteel (Anshan) me Jinzhou Petrochemical anake kua tutuki te whakaputa papatipu. He rerekē, kua tino pakari te pūnaha whakaputa me te hanga coke ngira hinu a Jinzhou Petrochemical Company, kei te whakapai tonu te kaha tukatuka o te taputapu, ā, ka taea e ngā hua e pā ana te whakaputa te eke ki te taumata waenga me te taumata teitei i roto i te mākete, ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā hiko hanga maitai kaha-teitei, kaha-tino-teitei rānei.
Iii. Te tātaritanga o te mākete kōka ngira hinu ā-rohe
(1) I te tere haere o te ahumahi, kei te piki haere te hiahia mō te ngira kōka i ia rā
Ko tō tātou whenua te whenua whakaputa ahumahi nui rawa atu o te ao, ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakatauhia e te momo hanganga ahumahi.
Ko te hanga rino me te maitai tētahi o ngā ahumahi nui hei whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o tō tātou ōhanga. I raro i tēnei horopaki, kei te piki haere te hiahia mō te werowero i ia rā, i ia rā. Engari i tēnei wā, kāore ā tātou taumata rangahau me te whanaketanga hangarau me te kaha whakaputa e rite ana ki te hiahia o te mākete. Ko te take matua he iti noa ngā umanga e aro ana ki te ngira hinu ka taea te whakaputa paerewa kounga, ā, he koretake te kaha whakaputa. Ahakoa kei te ahu whakamua ngā mahi rangahau me te whanaketanga hangarau e tika ana i tēnei wā, engari e hiahia ana kia tutuki i te hiko karāhe mana teitei, te hiko karāhe mana tino teitei rānei, ā, he āputa nui, e arai ana ki te whakahaere kounga o ngā hua e aro ana ki te ngira hinu. I tēnei wā, kua wehea te mākete kōka ine-ngira ki te kōka ine-ngira hinu me te kōka ine-ngira waro. He rerekē, he iti ake te kōka ine-ngira hinu i te kōka ine-ngira waro i te rahinga whanaketanga kaupapa, i te taumata whanaketanga rānei, koinei hoki tētahi o ngā take matua hei aukati i te whānui whai hua o te kōka ine-ngira hinu Haina. Engari i te taha o te whakapai tonu i te taumata hangarau whakaputa ahumahi maitai, kei te piki haere te hiahia mō te hanga me te hanga maitai mō te hiko karāhe mana tino teitei. E whakaatu ana hoki tēnei, me te whakapai tonu i te taumata whanaketanga ahumahi me te tere haere o te tukanga ahumahi, ka nui haere te hiahia mō te ngira coke.
(2) Te tātari i te utu rere o te mākete ngira kōka
E ai ki te taumata whanaketanga ahumahi o nāianei me te whakarerekētanga o te hanganga ahumahi me te ihirangi ahumahi o tō tātou whenua, kua kitea he pai ake te raupapa hinu o te coking ngira-ira mō tō tātou whenua i te raupapa waro o te coking ngira-ira, ka nui ake te whakararuraru i te āhua o te kore taurite i waenga i te tuku me te tono o te coking ngira-ira. Hei whakaoti i te āhua o te kore taurite i waenga i te tuku me te tono o te pūnaha hinu, ka taea e tātou te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kawemai anake. Mai i te tātari i ngā āhuatanga piki me te heke o te utu o ngā hua kawemai i ngā tau tata nei, ka kitea kua piki haere te utu o ngā hua coke ngira hinu kawemai mai i te tau 2014. Nō reira, mō te ahumahi o roto, me te piki haere o te āputa tuku me te pikinga o te utu kawemai, ka noho te coke ngira hinu hei wāhi haumi hou i roto i te ahumahi coke ngira o Haina [2].
Tuawhā, ko tā mātou arotahi ki te rangahau me te whanaketanga me te tātari uauatanga hangarau whakaputa he arotahi ki te ngira hinu.
(1) Te tātari i ngā uauatanga o te maimoatanga o mua i ngā rauemi mata
Mā te tātari i te tukanga katoa o te hanga me te hanga i te ngira-kōka hinu, ka kitea ko te hinu te rauemi matua mō te tukatuka i mua i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata. Nā te motuhaketanga o ngā rauemi hinu, me keri te hinu mata i raro i te whenua, ā, ka whakamahia e te hinu mata hinu i tō tātou whenua ngā momo whakakorikori i roto i te tukanga keri me te tukatuka, kia puta ai he nui o ngā poke i roto i ngā hua hinu. Ka pā kino tēnei tikanga maimoatanga i mua i te whakamahinga o te ngira kōka hinu. Hei tāpiri, ko te nuinga o te hanganga o te hinu he hauwaiwai aliphatic, he iti te ihirangi o te hauwaiwai kakara, nā ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi hinu o nāianei. Me mōhio ko te hanga o te ngira kōka hinu kounga teitei he whakaritenga tino kaha mō ngā rauemi mata, me te nui o te ihirangi hauwaiwai kakara, ā, he iti te whanariki, te hāora, te asphaltene me ētahi atu hinu hei rauemi mata, me te hiahia kia iti iho i te 0.3% te wāhanga papatipu o te whanariki, ā, kia iti iho i te 1.0% te wāhanga papatipu o te asphaltene. Heoi, i runga i te kitenga me te tātari i te hanganga taketake, i kitea ko te nuinga o te hinu mata e tukatukahia ana i tō tātou whenua he hinu mata he nui te whanariki, me te korenga o te hinu e tika ana mō te hanga i te kōka ngira me te nui o te ihirangi warowaihā kakara. He uaua rawa te tango i ngā poke i roto i te hinu. I taua wā, ko Jinzhou Petrochemical, he pakeke ake i roto i te R&D me te hanga i tēnei wā, e hiahia ana ki ngā rauemi mata e tika ana mō te hanga kōka ngira i roto i te tukanga hanga me te tukatuka i te kōka ngira hinu. Ko te korenga o ngā rauemi mata me te kore pumau o te kounga tetahi o ngā take matua e aukati ana i te pumau o te kounga o te kōka ngira [3]. Nā Shandong Yida New Material Co., Ltd. i hoahoa, i tango hoki i te maimoatanga o ngā rauemi mata mō te wāhanga hanga o te kōka ngira hinu.
I taua wā anō, he maha ngā tikanga i whakamahia hei tango i ngā matūriki totoka. Haunga te whiriwhiri i te hinu taumaha e tika ana mō te hanga kōka ngira, i tangohia hoki ngā matū kino i roto i ngā rauemi mata i mua i te tunu.
(2) Te tātari i ngā uauatanga hangarau i roto i te tukanga whakaroa o te kōka ngira hinu
He tino uaua te mahi whakaputa i te kōka ngira, ā, he nui ngā whakaritenga mō te whakahaere i ngā huringa pāmahana taiao me te pēhanga whakahaere i roto i te tukanga tukatuka motuhake. Ko tētahi o ngā uauatanga o te tukanga kōka o te whakaputa kōka ngira ko te āheinga ki te whakahaere pono i te pēhanga, te wā me te pāmahana o te kōka i runga i te pūtaiao me te tika, kia taea ai e te wā tauhohe te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga paerewa. I te wa ano, ko te pai ake o te arotautanga me te whakatikatika i ngā tawhā tukanga kōka me ngā paerewa whakahaere motuhake ka whai wāhi nui ki te arotautanga me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te whakaputa kōka ngira katoa.
Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakamahi i te oumu whakamahana mō te mahi whakarerekētanga pāmahana ko te whakahaere i te mahi paerewa i roto i te tukanga whakaputa ngira kōka kia eke ai te pāmahana taiao ki ngā tawhā e hiahiatia ana. Inaa, ko te tukanga whakarerekētanga pāmahana he whakatairanga i te tauhohenga kōka i roto i te taiao pāmahana puhoi me te iti, me te whakaroa i te tauhohenga kōka, kia tutuki ai te whakapūngao kakara, kia whakarite i te whakaritenga raupapa o ngā ngota, kia whakarite kia taea te whakatakoto me te whakapakeke i raro i te mahi a te pēhanga, me te whakatairanga i te pumau o te āhua. He mahi nui te oumu whakamahana i roto i te tukanga whakaputa katoa o te ngira kōka hinu, ā, he whakaritenga me ngā paerewa mō ngā tawhā awhe pāmahana motuhake, kāore e taea te iti iho i te rohe o raro o te 476℃, kāore hoki e taea te neke atu i te rohe o runga o te 500℃. I taua wā anō, me mōhio anō hoki ko te oumu pāmahana rerekē he taputapu me ngā whakaurunga nui, me aro tātou ki te ōritetanga o te kounga o ia pourewa o te Coke ngira: i roto i ia pourewa i te tukanga whāngai, nā te pāmahana, te pēhanga, te tere o te hau me ētahi atu āhuatanga ka rerekē, nō reira he koretake te kounga o te pourewa Coke i muri i te Coke, waenga me te iti. Ko te huarahi ki te whakaoti pai i te raruraru o te ōritetanga kounga o te Coke ngira ko tētahi o ngā raruraru me whai whakaaro i roto i te hanga Coke ngira.
5. Te tātari i te ahunga whanaketanga ā muri ake nei o te hinu ngira Coke
(a) Whakatairanga i te whakapai tonu i te kounga o te pūnaha hinu ā-rohe me te ngira kōka
Ko te hangarau me te mākete o te arotahi ngira kua riro i te United States me Japan. I tēnei wā, kei te mau tonu ētahi raruraru i roto i te hanga o te ngira kōke i Haina, pērā i te kounga kore pumau, te kaha iti o te kōke me te nui o te kōke paura. Ahakoa kua whakamahia te kōke ngira i hangaia i roto i te hanga i ngā irahiko karāhe mana-teitei me te mana-tino-teitei i roto i te nui, kāore e taea te whakamahi i roto i te hanga i ngā irahiko karāhe mana-tino-teitei nui i roto i te nui. I ngā tau tata nei, kāore i mutu tā mātou rangahau me te whanaketanga o te arotahi ngira, ā, ka haere tonu te whakapai ake i te kounga o te hua. Shanxi Hongte Coal Chemical Co., LTD., Sinosteel Coal ine ngira kōke, Jinzhou Petrochemical Co., LTD. Kua eke ngā waeine kōke ngira raupapa hinu ki te 40,000-50,000 tana/tau, ā, ka taea te whakahaere pumau, te whakapai tonu i te kounga.
(2) Kei te piki haere tonu te hiahia ā-rohe mō te hinu kokonati
Ko te whanaketanga o te umanga rino me te maitai e hiahia ana ki te maha o ngā irahiko mana-tino teitei me ngā irahiko mana-teitei. I roto i tēnei horopaki, kei te tere tipu te hiahia mō te ngira kōka mō te hanga irahiko mana-tino teitei me te hiko mana-teitei, e kiia ana he tata ki te 250,000 tāne ia tau. Ko te putanga o te maitai oumu hiko i Haina he iti iho i te 10%, ā, ko te putanga toharite o te ao mō te maitai oumu hiko kua eke ki te 30%. Kua eke ā tātou para maitai ki te 160 miriona tāne. E ai ki te āhuatanga o nāianei i roto i te wā roa, he mea kore e taea te karo i te whanaketanga o te maitai oumu hiko, ā, he mea kore e taea te karo i te korenga o te tuku ngira kōka. Nō reira, me mahi ngā mahi hei whakanui ake i te puna rauemi mata me te whakapai ake i te tikanga hanga hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te hanga.
(3) Ko te whānui haere o te tono mākete ka whakatairanga i te whakapainga o te taumata hangarau R&D ā-rohe
Ko te rerekētanga o te kounga me te pikinga o te hiahia mō te ngira-wera e hiahia ana kia tere ake te whanaketanga o te ngira-wera. I roto i te whanaketanga me te hanga ngira-wera, kua piki haere te mōhio o ngā kairangahau ki ngā uauatanga o te hanga ngira-wera, te whakanui ake i ngā mahi rangahau, me te hanga i ngā whare whakamātautau iti me ngā whare whakamātautau hei tiki raraunga whakamātautau hei ārahi i te hanga. Kei te whakapai tonuhia te hangarau tukatuka o te ngira kōka hei whakatutuki i te hiahia e tipu haere ana. Mai i te tirohanga o ngā rauemi mata me ngā tikanga hanga, ko te korenga o te hinu o te ao me te pikinga o te ihirangi whanariki e aukati ana i te whanaketanga o te ngira kōka pūnaha hinu. Kua hangaia te whare hanga ahumahi hou mō te maimoatanga rauemi mata o te ngira kōka raupapa hinu, ā, kua whakatinanahia ki Shandong Yida New Material Co., LTD., ā, kua hangaia te rauemi mata pai rawa atu o te ngira kōka raupapa hinu, ka whakapai ake i te kounga me te putanga o te ngira kōka raupapa hinu.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-07-2022