Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakakāwhata ko te maimoatanga wera pāmahana teitei (2300–3000°C), e whakaoho ana i te whakaritenga anō o ngā ngota waro kore-āhua, kore-tikatika ki roto i te hanganga karaihe kāwhata toru-ahu e pumau ana te pāmahana. Ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei tukanga kei roto i te hanga anō i te whatunga hexagonal mā te whakakāwhata SP² o ngā ngota waro, ka taea te wehewehe kia toru ngā wāhanga:
Wāhanga Tipu Matūriki (1000–1800°C):
I roto i tēnei awhe pāmahana, ka tīmata te mimiti me te memeha haere o ngā poke o te rauemi waro (pērā i ngā konganuku iti te ira rewa, te whanariki, me te whākawa) i te mea ka whānui haere te hanganga papatahi o ngā paparanga waro. Ka piki ake te teitei o ngā tioata moroiti mai i te ~1 nanometer i te tīmatanga ki te 10 nanometer, ka whakatakoto i te turanga mō te raupapatanga e whai ake nei.
Wāhanga Whakatakotoranga Ahu-Toru (1800–2500°C):
I te pikinga ake o te pāmahana, ka heke te kore taunga i waenga i ngā paparanga waro, ā, ka āta whaiti haere te tawhiti i waenga i ngā paparanga ki te 0.343–0.346 nanometer (e tata ana ki te uara karāpiti pai rawa atu o te 0.335 nanometer). Ka piki ake te tohu karāpiti mai i te 0 ki te 0.9, ā, ka tīmata te rauemi ki te whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga karāpiti motuhake, pērā i te kawe hiko me te kawe wera kua tino whakarei ake.
Wāhanga Tino Pai o te Karaihe (2500–3000°C):
I ngā pāmahana teitei ake, ka whakarerekētia ngā tioata moroiti, ā, ka whakatikatikahia haeretia ngā hapa whatunga (pēnei i ngā takoto kau me ngā nekehanga), me te tata o te nekehanga whakairoiro ki te 1.0 (he tioata tino pai). I tēnei wā, ka taea e te ātete hiko o te rauemi te heke mā te 4–5 ngā wā, ka pai ake te kawe wera mā te 10 ngā wā, ka heke te tauwehenga whānui rārangi mā te 50–80%, ā, ka tino piki ake te pumau matū.
Ko te whakaurunga o te pūngao pāmahana teitei te kaha matua mō te whakakāwhata, e wikitoria ana i te arai pūngao mō te whakaritenga anō o te ngota waro, ā, e āhei ai te whakawhiti mai i te hanganga koretake ki te hanganga raupapa. Hei tāpiri, mā te tāpiri i ngā whakakorikori (pēnei i te boron, te rino, te ferrosilicon rānei) ka taea te whakaheke i te pāmahana whakakāwhata me te whakatairanga i te horapa o te ngota waro me te hanganga whatunga. Hei tauira, ina kei roto i te ferrosilicon te 25% silicon, ka taea te whakaheke i te pāmahana whakakāwhata mai i te 2500–3000°C ki te 1500°C, me te whakaputa i te carbide silicon hexagonal hei āwhina i te hanganga kāwhata.
Ko te uara o te whakakāwhatu ka kitea i roto i te whakarei ake i ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi:
- Te Awe Hiko: I muri i te whakakāwhata, ka tino heke te ātete hiko o te rauemi, ā, koinei anake te rauemi kore-whakarewa he kawe hiko tino pai.
- Te Arahi Wera: Ka piki ake te arahi wera mā te 10 ngā wā, ā, he pai mō ngā mahi whakahaere wera.
- Te Pūmautanga Matū: Ka whakarei ake i te ātete ki te waikura me te waikura, ka roa ake te ora o te rauemi.
- Ngā Āhuatanga Mīhini: Ahakoa ka heke te kaha, ka taea te whakapai ake i te hanganga o ngā pūwero mā te whakakī, te whakanui ake i te mātotoru me te ātete ki te kakahu.
- Te Whakapai Ake i te Parakore: Ka memeha haere ngā poke i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka whakaiti i te nui o te pungarehu o te hua mā te 300 ngā wā, ā, ka tutuki hoki ngā whakaritenga parakore teitei.
Hei tauira, i roto i ngā rauemi anode pākahiko lithium-ion, ko te whakakāwhata he taahiraa matua i roto i te whakarite i ngā anode graphite hangai. Mā te maimoatanga whakakāwhata, ka tino pai ake te mātotoru pūngao, te pumau huringa, me te mahi tere o ngā rauemi anode, ka pā tika ki te mahi pākahiko whānui. Ka tukuna hoki ētahi graphite taiao ki te maimoatanga pāmahana teitei hei whakarei ake i tōna taumata whakakāwhata, kia pai ake ai te mātotoru pūngao me te pai o te tukunga utu.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-09-2025